Growth Hormone
- Anterior Pit.
General metabolic hormone
Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
Plays a role in determining final body size
Causes amino acids to be built into proteins
Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy
Prolactin (PRL)
- Anterior Pit.
Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth
Function in males is unknown
Adrinocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Anterior Pit.
Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Anterior Pit.
Influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Anterior Pit.
Stimulates follicle development in ovaries
Stimulates sperm development in testes
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Anterior Pit.
Triggers ovulation of an egg in females
Stimulates testosterone production in males
Oxytocin
- Posterior Pit.
Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding
Causes milk ejection in a nursing woman
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Posterior Pit.
Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys
In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure
Also known as vasopressin
Calcitonin
- Thyroid gland
Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone
Calci – tone – down
Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
Produced by parafollicular cells
Parafollicular cells are found between the follicles
Thyroid Hormone
- Thyroid gland
Major metabolic hormone
Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones
Thyroxine (T4)—secreted by thyroid follicles Triiodothyronine (T3)—conversion of T4 at target tissues
Parathyroid Hormone
- Parathyroid gland
Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone
Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium
Raise calcium levels in the blood
Pair – up – thyroid
Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
- Produced in outer adrenal cortex (Zona glomerulosa)
Regulate mineral content in blood
Regulate water and electrolyte balance
Target organ is the kidney
Production stimulated by renin
Production inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisone and cortisol)
- Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex (Zona fasiculata)
Promote normal cell metabolism
Help resist long-term stressors
Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH
Sex Hormones
- Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex (Zona reticularis)
Small amounts are made throughout life
Mostly androgens (male sex hormones) are made but some estrogens (female sex hormones) are also formed
Catecholamines (mainly epinephrine and norepinephrine)
- Adrenal medulla
These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress (“fight or flight”) by
Increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels
Dilating small passageways of lungs
Insulin
- Pancreatic islets
allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells
Glucagon
- Pancreatic islets
allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells
Production of enzymes for digestive system
Exocrine function of pancreas
Melatonin
- Pineal gland
Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles
Believed to coordinate the hormones of fertility in humans
Thymosin
- Thymus gland
Matures some types of white blood cells
Important in developing the immune system
Estrogens
- Ovaries (gonads)
Stimulate the development of secondary female characteristics
Mature female reproductive organs
—-With progesterone, estrogens also
Promote breast development
Regulate menstrual cycle
Progesterone
- Ovaries (gonads)
Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle
Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus
Helps prepare breasts for lactation
Testosterone
- Testes (gonads)
Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics
Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system
Required for sperm cell production
