Human Behavior

Question 1

List Erikson’s 8 Stage of Psychosocial Development?

Answer 1

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1) - based on caregiver’s consistency, child will learn to trust/have confidence or have insecurities and anxieties/lack trust
2. Automony vs. Shame/Doubt (ages 1-3) Working to establish independence, will either feel secure or have shame
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (ages 3-6) Starts to initiate games with others, child will either develop a sense of confidence in ability to lead others or they will feel like they are a nuisance to others
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (ages 6-12) Completes projects, feels proud about work. will either feel industrious/capable or they will feel like they will doubt their abilities
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 12-18) Starts to contemplate, “who am I?!” Will either develop a strong sense of self or a sense of confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (ages 20s - early 40s) Starts romantic relationships, will either embrace love and connection to others or will fear intimacy/commitment
7. Generavity vs. Stagnation (ages 40s - 60s) Establishes self/settles down into life/starts family, will feel accomplished and good about raising kids or will feel stagnate or unproductive
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (ages 60s - end of life) Contemplate life’s accomplishments, will either feel proud and accomplished or hopelessness and despair

Question 2

What are the 3 Domains of Development

Answer 2

1. Cognitive - mental skills/knowledge
2. Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self)
3. Psychomotor: Manual or physical skills (skills)

Question 3

List Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Answer 3

a. Sensorimotor (ages 0-2) - Object Permanence, primitive logic, beings intentional actions
b. Preoperational (ages 2-7) - Egocentric, symbolic thinking, thinking is concrete/irreversible
c. Concrete Operations (ages 7-11) - Logical thinking, beginning of logical thought, understands cause/effect, thinking is reversible
d. Formal Thought (ages 11 - maturity) - Abstract thinking, assume adult roles/responsibilities

Question 4

What is behaviorist learning theory?

Answer 4

Learning is viewed in changed behavior and the stimuli of the external environment is the focus of learning. SW aims to change external environment to influence desired behavioral changes. ex. drug rehab…

Question 5

What is the Cognitive Learning Theory

Answer 5

Learning is viewed through internal mental processes and cognitive structures, SW aims to develop opportunities to foster capacity to develop skills

Question 6

What is the Humanist Learning Theory

Answer 6

Learning is viewed as a person’s activities aimed at reaching their full potential. SW focuses on developing the whole person

Question 7

What is the Social/Situational Learning Theory

Answer 7

Learning is obtained through person-in-environment interactions/social contexts, SW aims to foster opportunities for conversations

Question 8

Define Race?

Answer 8

physical characteristics (skin color)

Question 9

Define Ethnicity?

Answer 9

Shared cultural characteristics (language, religion)

Question 10

Define Cultural Identity?

Answer 10

Individual/self- identification within a culture or group, influenced by that group or culture

Question 11

List Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 11

1. Physiological Needs (food, water, shelter, sleep)
2. Safety Needs (protection from elements
3. Social (Love & Belonging) Needs (Connection, Intimacy, love)
4. Esteem Needs (Self-respect & Respect from Others)
5. Self-Actualization (realizing personal potential)

Question 12

List the different parenting styles?

Answer 12

a. Authoritative - strict and warm
b. Authoritarian - strict and cold
c. Permissive - undemanding, but supportive
d. Uninvolved - undemanding, unsupportive

Question 13

List the three levels of awareness

Answer 13

a. Conscious - current state of being/present at any given moment
b. Preconscious - information outside of current attention, but can be easily tapped into
c. Unconscious - thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories that you are unaware of, but influence behavior

Question 14

List the three Personality Components

Answer 14

a. Id - instinctual energy, pleasure principle, contains thoughts and drives
b. Ego - regulates the id and real world, reality principle (ego-syntonic, ego-dystonic, and ego strengths)
c. Superego - moral component, higher self

Question 15

List Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

Answer 15

a. Oral (birth to 12 mos) Source of pleasure is oral and can lead to oral fixation or dependence on others
b. Anal (2, potty-training age) source of pleasure is bowel movements and can lead to being overly controlling or easily angered
c. Phallic (3-5) Source of pleasure involves genitals and can lead to guilt or anxiety about sex
d. Latency (5 to puberty) sexuality is latent, no fixation
e. Genitals (begins at puberty) sexual urges return, no fixation

Question 16

Define Self-Psychology

Answer 16

Self is the central organizing and motivating force in personality

Early experiences with caregivers (self-objects) influence the sense of self. When needs are met, selfhood is strong

Objective is to develop greater sense of self-cohesion

Regression/re-experiencing frustrated self-object needs, therapeutic intervention:

a: Mirroring - behavior validate child’s sense of perfect self
b. idealization - child borrows strength from others and identifies with someone more capable
c. Twinship/twinning - child needs an alter ego for sense of belonging

Question 17

Define Ego Psychology

Answer 17

Focuses on the rational, conscious processes of the ego

Assessment of the here/now/presenting problem

Treatment focused on the ego functioning

Question 18

Define Individual Psychology

Answer 18

Main motivations for human behavior is striving for perfection; feelings of inferiority drive you to adapt, change, and master skills

Aim is to develop a more adaptive lifestyle by shedding feelings of inferiority, self-centeredness, and contribute more to the wellbeing of others

Alfred Adler

Question 19

Define Neurological Disorders

Answer 19

Groups of conditions with onset in the developmental period, typically manifesting in early development before grade school.

These disorders are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning.

Neurological disorders often co-occur.

Question 20

Define Intellectual Disorder

Answer 20

characterized as a deficit in general mental abilities and adaptive functioning

Question 21

Define Communication Disorder

Answer 21

characterized as a deficit in the development and use of language, speech, and social language

Question 22

Define Autism Spectrum Disorder

Answer 22

characterized as a persistent deficit in social communication and social interactions across multiple contexts.

Include the presence of restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

Question 23

Define ADHD

Answer 23

is a neurological disorder characterized as impairing levels of inattention, disorganization, and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity

Question 24

Define Specific Learning Disorders

Answer 24

specific deficits in an individual’s ability to perceive or process information efficiently and accurately. persistent and impairing difficulties with learning foundational academic skills in reading, writing, and/or math.

Question 25

Define Bipolar 1 Disorder

Answer 25

is the classic manic-depressive disorder or affective psychosis disorder. The manic period is marked by abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting at least 1 week and present most of the day, nearly every day

Question 26

Define Bipolar 2 Disorder

Answer 26

The same as Bipolar 1, but requires a previous diagnosis of manic-depressive state

Question 27

Define Cyclothymic Disorder

Answer 27

is given to adults who experience at least 2 years (for children, a full year) of both hypomanic and depressive periods without ever fulfilling the criteria for an episode of mania, hypomania, or major depression.

Question 28

Define Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder

Answer 28

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders are defined as abnormalities in one of five domains: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (including Catania), and negative symptoms

Question 29

What are Delusions?

Answer 29

are fixed beliefs that are not amendable in light of conflicting evidence. Persecutory delusions are most common, are beliefs that one will be harmed (oh, they out to get me) Referential delusions are beliefs that certain gestures, comments, etc are directed at oneself (oh, they talking about me) Grandiose delusions are beliefs that one has exceptional abilities, wealth or fame (oh, they know me!) Erotomanic delusions are beliefs that someone is in love with him/her, but they are not (oh, they obsessed with me) Nihilistic delusions are beliefs that a major catastrophe will occur (oh, its the end end) Somatic delusions are beliefs/preoccupations regarding health and organ functioning (oh, I’m dying)

Question 30

What is a bizarre delusion

Answer 30

not clearly implausible and not understandable to same-culture peers and do not derive from ordinary life experiences. those that express loss of control over mind/body: thought withdrawal (thoughts removed), thought insertion (thoughts put in), delusions of control (body and action manipulated by outside force). Examples, belief that an outside force has removed a person’s internal organs without wounds or scars

Question 31

What is a non-bizarre delusion?

Answer 31

an example of nonbizarre delusion is a belief that one is under survellience by the police.

Question 32

What are hallucinations?

Answer 32

perception-like experiences that occur without an external stimulus. They are vivid and clear, with the force and impact of normal perceptions, and involuntary. Auditory hallucinations are the most common in schizophrenia and related disorders, and are commonly experienced as voices, familiar or unfamiliar, that are perceived as different from the individual’s own thoughts. Hypnagogic hallucinations occur when while falling asleep, hypnopompic hallucinations occur while waking up. Cultural competence is important re hallucinations, they are normal in some cultures.

Question 33

Define Disorganized Thinking

Answer 33

typically inferred from the individual’s speech; these symptoms should be severe enough to substantially impair effective communication. Derailment or loose associations - individual switches from topic to another Tangentiality - answers to questions that seem obliquely or completely unrelated Incoherence or “word salad” - severely disorganized speech, just does not make sense

Question 34

Define Catatonic Behavior

Answer 34

Marked by decrease in reactivity to the environment Negativism - resistance to instructions Mutism or Stupor - rigid, inappropriate or bizarre posture, complete lack of verbal and motor responses Catatonic excitement - purposeless or excessive motor activity without obvious cause. Catatonic symptoms are historically associated with schizophrenia, but are non-specific and may occur in other mental disorders and in medical conditions.

Question 35

Define Negative Symptoms

Answer 35

two prominent in schizophrenia are diminished emotional expression and avolition.

Question 36

Define Diminished Emotional Expression

Answer 36

include reductions in the expression of emotions in the face, eye contact, intonation of speech, and movement of the hand, head, and face that normally give an emotional emphasis to speech.

Question 37

Define Avolition

Answer 37

a decrease in motivated self-initiated purposeful activities.

Question 38

Define Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

Answer 38

is characterized by severe recurrent temper outbursts both verbally and behaviorally that don’t match the situation (Oh, you doing too much). These temper outbursts occur 3 times or more per week, and the mood between outbursts is irritable or angry most of the day, nearly everyday.

Question 39

Define Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 39

is characterized by discrete episodes of at least 2 weeks duration clear-cut changes in affect, cognition, and neurovegative functions and inter-episode remissions.

Question 40

Define Persisent Depressive Disorder

Answer 40

a chronic form of depression that is diagnosed when the mood disturbance continues for at least 2 years. This and dysthymia are a new diagnosis for the DSM5.

Question 41

Define Premenstrual Period

Answer 41

In the majority of menstrual cycles, at least five symptoms must be present in the final week before the onset of menses, start to improve within a few days after the onset of menses, and become minimal or absent in the week postmenses.

Question 42

Define Anxiety Disorders

Answer 42

include disorders that share features of excessive fear and anxiety and related behavioral disturbances. Fear is the emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat, whereas anxiety is anticipation of future threat. The anxiety disorders differ from one another in the types of objects or situations that induce fear, anxiety, or avoidance behavior, and the associated cognitive ideation. Anxiety disorders differ from developmentally normative fear or anxiety by being excessive or persisting beyond developmentally appropriate periods. They differ from transient fear or anxiety, often stress-induced, by being persistent (e.g., typically lasting 6 months or more). Anxiety disorders occur more frequently in females than in males.

Question 43

Define Separation Anxiety

Answer 43

developmentally inappropriate fear of separation from attachment figure. Typically develop in childhood, but can be expressed throughout adulthood. Symptoms typically last 6 months for adults.

Question 44

What is selective mutism?

Answer 44

characterized by a consistent failure to speak in social situations where there is an expectation to speak, even though that individual speaks in other situations. Like not speaking at school, but being very vocal at home.

Question 45

How are Specific Phobias Disorders defined?

Answer 45

individuals with specific phobias are fearful or anxious about or avoidant of circumscribed objects or situations. The response of fear or anxiety is almost always immediately induced by the phobic situation to a degree that is persistent and out of proportion to the actual risk posed.

Question 46

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Answer 46

Characterized as excessive anxiety or worry re regular life events/situations, occurring more days than not for a least 6 months

Question 47

Define Panic Attacks

Answer 47

panic attacks is not a mental disorder and cannot be coded panic attacks can occur in the context of any anxiety disorder and other mental disorders. The essential feature of a panic attack is an abrupt surge of intense fear of intense discomfort that reach a peak within minutes and during which time four or more of 13 physical and cognitive symptoms occur. 11/13 are physical and 2/13 are cognitive.

Question 48

Define Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders

Answer 48

are characterized by the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions. Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that no individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. Involved preoccupations with repetitive behavior or mental acts.

Question 49

Define Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Answer 49

characterized as preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear only slight to others, and repetitive negative behavior in response to that concern.

Question 50

Define hoarding disorder

Answer 50

characterized by persistent difficulty and irritation in discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. Hoarding disorder differs from normal collecting.

Question 51

Define Trichotillomania

Answer 51

a hair-pulling disorder, folks engage in recurrent pulling of hair that results in hair loss, there are repeated attempts to stop hair pulling.

Question 52

Define Excoriation

Answer 52

a skin-picking disorder, folks engage in recurrent picking of skin that results in skin lesions.

Question 53

What are the Trauma & Stress-Related Disorders

Answer 53

include disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is listed explicitly as a diagnostic criterion. The most prominent clinical characterstics are anhedonic and dysphoric symptoms, eternalizing angry and aggressive symptoms, or dissociative symptoms

Question 54

Define Reactive Attachment Disorder

Answer 54

characterized by a pattern of markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate attachment behaviors. Essential feature is absent or grossly underdeveloped attachment between the child and putative caregiving adults.

Question 55

Define Social Engagement Disorder

Answer 55

characterized by a developmentally and culturally inappropriate pattern of engaging with strangers, being overly familiar with strangers in a way that violates social boundaries of the culture. The child should be around 9-months or older, having developed the ability to form selective attachments.

Question 56

Define Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Answer 56

the essential feature of this disorder is the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to one or more traumatic events. Individuals with this disorder might be quick tempered, and engaged in aggressive verbal/physical behavior. Disorder is characterized by a heightened startle response and sensitivity to potential threat. Individuals may experience dissociative states lasting from a few seconds to several hours/even days, some experience persistent dissociative symptoms of detachment from their bodies (depersonalization) or the world around them (derealization).

Question 57

Define Adjustment Disorder

Answer 57

an emotional or behavioral response to an identifiable stressor is the essential features of this disorder. The stressor can be recurrent or a single event, and can impact an individual, entire family, or larger group/community. Stressors can initiate or be accompanied by a development deficit.

Question 58

What is Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Answer 58

Patterns of eccentric thinking, speaking, dressing Strange, outlandish, paranoid beliefs Magical thinking

Question 59

Define Brief Psychotic Disorder

Answer 59

One or more: Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized speech, Grossly disorganize or catatonic behavior

Question 60

What is Schizophreniform Disorder

Answer 60

Same as schizophrenia, but duration of fewer than 6 months

Question 61

What do "negative symptoms" in schizophrenia mean?

Answer 61

Flat affect, reduced speaking, difficult engaging in day-to-day activities "Something that should be there, is not..."

Question 62

What do "positive symptoms" in schizophrenia mean?

Answer 62

Psychotic behavior: Delusions, Hallucinations, thought and movement disorder "something that should not be present, is present..."

Question 63

What are the 4 A's?

Answer 63

Affect, Association, Ambivalence, and Autism

Question 64

How is Schizoaffective Disorder defined?

Answer 64

psychotic symptoms meet criteria for schizophrenia & either a major depression or manic episode Experience delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks when NOT having a depressive or manic episode

Question 65

Define Dissociative Identity Disorder

Answer 65

Characterized by "switching" to alternate identities May feel the presence of two or more people living in their heads Recurring gaps to recall important information and everyday events that should be easily remembered

Question 66

Define Somatic Symptoms Disorder

Answer 66

Psychological disorder in which the symptoms manifest physically without an apparent physical cause

Question 67

Define Biopsychosocial Assessment

Answer 67

Biological Section - medical history, developmental history, family history of mental illness Psychological Section - current presenting problem/symptoms, history of psychiatric symptoms, past or current stressors, explore how the problem has been approached/handled in the past, family history of psychiatric illnesses, and use of substances Social Section - client systems and unique client's context, identify strengths and resources

Question 68

Define Role Theory

Answer 68

Clients has multiple roles in their lives that have their/its own expectations of appropriate behavior, Role Theory examines the interconnectedness of these different roles and the associated psychological impact Dimensions of roles - Role Ambiguity - lack of clarity of role Role Complementary - the role is carried out in an expected way Role Discomplementary - the role expectation of others differs from one's own Role Reversal - when two or more individuals switch roles Role Conflict - Incompatible or Conflicting expectations

Question 69

What are the stages of groups development

Answer 69

Preaffiliation - development of trust (forming) Power & Control - group identification (storming) Intimacy - Use of self (norming)