“All development is positive growth but positive growth doesnt always lead to development”. Explain with a suitable example.
growth is quantitaive and development is qualitative.
so lets say in a city population grows from 1 Lakh to 2 Lakh , it is positive growth. but if housing, sanitation, etc remain same then development didnt take place.
What is the difference between growth and development?
growth - quantitative so can be positive or negative
development - qualitative so must be positive
How does country’s level of development measured in the past? What else are important aspects of development and is the idea that these aspects are important new? Who introduced these ideas?
- economic growth
- quality of life, opportunities, freedoms and no.
- mahbub ul haq and amartya sen
What did Madhub-ul-Haq introduce?
- concept of human development.
- HD = development that enlarges people’s choices and improves their lives.
What is a meaningful life?
a life with purpose
- healthy, develop their talents, participate in society, free to achieve their goals.
What are the most important aspects of human development and so what are the key areas of human development?
imp aspects - decent life, long and health life, knowledge
key areas - health, education, access to resources
“Building people’s capabilities in the areas of health, education and access to resources is there important in enlarging their choices”. Explain.
- their choices gets limited
- eg uneducated child cannot become doctor.
What are the 4 pillars of human development? Explain each one.
- equity - equal access of opportunities regardless of gender race etc
etc school dropout levels which say other - sustainability - continuity availability of opportunities
sustainable HD - all generations must have the same opportunities
eg we should send girls to school - productivity - productivity in terms of work. building capabilities in people in terms of knowledge or health for better work eficiency.
- empowerment - to make choices on their own.
increasing freedom and capability.
empowerment of socially n economically disadvantaged.
What are the approaches to human development? Explain each one.
- income approach - level of income = level of freedom. higher the level of income, higher the level of human development.
- welfare approach - humans are not participants in development but not pasive recipients so it is the gov’s jobe to increase human development by investing on welfare.
- basic needs approach- ILO six basics needs - health, food, water supply, education, sanitation and housing.
- capability approach - amartya sen. building human capabilities in areas of health, education and access to resources = human development.
How is human developement measured?
- HDI measures attainments in HD.
- it reflects what has been achieved in the key areas of HD (health education and access of resources) and ranks countries based on their performance in these key areas.
- between 0 to 1.
health - life expectancy at birth
ed/knowledge - adult literacy ratio + gross enrolment ratio
access to resources - measured in terms of purchasing power (us dollars)
is HDI reliable? Why or why not? what measures the shortfall of HDI?
- HDI isnt always reliable because it says nothing about distribution of attainments in HD.
- Human poverty index measures the shortall in human development..will include shit like adult literacy rate, probability of not surviving till 40 etc etc.
Other kinds of indexes.
political freedom index, gender development index
‘Often smaller countries have done better than larger ones in human development’. Explain with suitable example.
- size of territory and per capita income isnt directly related to HD
- small ones have done better than big ones..poor ones have done better than rich ones (in HD)
- sri lanka, trinidad and tobago
- kerala > punjab n gujarat
What is a sort of common characteristics of countries with high HDI?
- former imperial powers
- social diversity is low
- europe and represent industrialised western world.
What is a sort of common characteristics of countries with medium HDI?
- emerged after 2nd world war.
- former colonies or emerged after soviet union broke up.
- rapidly improveming HD
- more social diversity
What is a sort of common characteristics of countries with low HDI?
Political turmoil and social instability in the form of civil war. famine. diseases.
What to look at to understand why a region keeps reporting low or high levels of HD?
- gov expenditure on social sector. countries w high hd = most investment in social sector, countries w low hc = most investment in defense, meaning political instability.
- distribution of resources.
- political environment.
- freedom.
Bhutan is the only country in the world to officially proclaim the _______ as the measure of the country’s progress.
Gross National Happiness
Since ___ , ____ has been ublishing HD Report every year.
1990, UNDP
____ and ___ are two important indices to measure human development used by the UNDP.
Human Development Index and Human Poverty Index.
