1
Q
pre-encounter stage
A
The first stage in the search for one’s own ethnic and cultural belonging where a client is largely unaware of the importance of cultural and ethnic issues, including their own.
2
Q
encounter stage
A
the second stage of the search for ethnic and cultural belonging where Persons experience an encounter that shifts their perspective toward questioning.
3
Q
immersion emersion stage
A
The third stage in the process of exploring cultural and ethnic issues. This stage involves a post-encounter exploration of one’s own cultural and ethnic issues as well as those of others.
4
Q
internalization and commitment stage
A
The final stage in the search for ethnic and cultural belonging. This stage features a sense of ethnic and cultural identity that is stable and secure.
5
Q
What do disability rights advocates reject?
A
the medical conception of disability
They find it inadequate and focus on social institutions that impose stigma.
6
Q
Disability affects many different kinds of ability, including _______.
A
- mental
- cognitive
- physical
- behavioral
Advocacy has highlighted the diverse nature of disability.
7
Q
What is a key focus of advocacy in the latter part of the 20th century regarding disability?
A
examination of how disability is defined and addressed
This includes looking at different sectors of society.
8
Q
Margaret Mahler
A
A renowned psychoanalyst known for her work on child development and the separation-individuation theory, which has been adapted to understand stages in adult relationships, including couples’ development.
object relations theory and romantic stages model
9
Q
romance stage
A
the first stage in maylors model: when the couple seeks to be together most of the time.
10
Q
power struggle stage
A
second stage in maylors model: deals with the issues presented by being together in this way.
11
Q
practicing In the context of couples development,
A
In the context of couples development, it refers to the stage where partners explore their independence while maintaining a committed relationship, fostering personal growth and mutual respect.
12
Q
Stability Stage
A
third stage in Maylor’s model: characterized by practicing, which refers to the way couples develop independence while remaining committed to each other.
13
Q
commitment stage
A
The fourth stage in Maylor’s model: the more settled stage after homeostasis has been reached
14
Q
co-creation stage
A
The fifth and last stage in Maylor’s model: couples work together as a unified team, achieving goals and creating outcomes that neither could accomplish alone, reflecting a mature and synergistic partnership.
15
Q
Maylor’s stages in adult relationships
A
romance, power struggle, stability, committment, co-creation
16
Q
Social constructionist theory
A
Social constructionist theory posits that social reality is not inherent but is constructed through interactions among individuals within cultural, historical, and social contexts. This perspective emphasizes that our understanding of the world is shaped by collective agreements and shared meanings.
17
Q
Social behavioral theories
A
Social behavioral theories focus on how individual behaviors are influenced by social contexts, emphasizing the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior. These theories explore how social interactions and environments contribute to behavioral patterns.
18
Q
Systems theories of behavior
A
Systems theories of behavior assert that human behavior is influenced by multiple interconnected systems, such as family, community, and societal structures. These theories highlight the dynamic and interdependent nature of these systems in shaping individual actions and experiences.
19
Q
Do deceased clients have the same rights to confidentiality as living clients?
A
Yes
Deceased clients maintain their rights to confidentiality, similar to living clients.
20
Q
What should you do if you receive a subpoena for deceased clients’ records?
A
Claim privilege
You should not turn over the records as the deceased client maintains their rights.
21
Q
What may the court issue that mandates the release of records?
A
Court order
A court order will specify the conditions under which records must be released.
22
Q
Even with a court order, how should the release of records be handled?
A
Strictly limited to the letter of the court order
The release must adhere to the specific terms outlined in the court order.
23
Q
What must supersede a deceased client’s right to privacy?
A
Court order
A court order is necessary to override the privacy rights of a deceased client.
24
Q
Conversion
A
Conversion is a defense mechanism where emotional distress or internal conflict is transformed into physical symptoms, such as paralysis or numbness, without a medical cause, often serving as an escape from the anxiety-inducing situation.
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25
Intellectualization
Intellectualization is a defense mechanism where a person uses reasoning and logic to block out emotional stress and conflict, focusing on facts and details rather than dealing with the emotional aspects of a situation.
26
Displacement
Displacement is a defense mechanism where an individual shifts emotional reactions or impulses from a threatening target to a safer, more acceptable substitute, often redirecting feelings of anger or frustration.
27
helping relationship
A professional interaction between a social worker and a client, where the primary aim is to support the client in understanding and resolving their issues. This relationship is built on trust, empathy, and collaboration, allowing the client to explore their problems in a safe environment.
28
synthesize data
The process of integrating and analyzing information from various sources to form a comprehensive understanding of a client's situation. Social workers use this skill to help clients gain insights into their problems, facilitating informed decision-making and effective treatment planning.
29
familial relations
Familial relations refer to the interactions and bonds between family members, including parents, siblings, and extended family. These relationships can significantly influence an individual's emotional, psychological, and social development, impacting their overall well-being and life outcomes.
30
functional domains
Functional domains encompass various aspects of an individual's life, including biological, psychological, and social functioning. These domains are influenced by familial relations, which can affect a person's ability to perform daily activities, maintain relationships, and achieve personal goals.
31
What is the impact of **family relationships** on individuals?
Profound and lasting impact on biological, psychological, and social functioning
## Footnote
The nature of the family of origin and its interaction with the client significantly affects their life.
32
True or false: **Positive familial relations** tend to produce positive outcomes for overall well-being.
TRUE
## Footnote
Positive family relations can be defined variously according to the nature of the individual family.
33
What do **negative family relations** produce?
Negative outcomes across many functional domains
## Footnote
This includes impacts on overall well-being and health.
34
Psychodynamic
Psychodynamic theory, rooted in the work of Sigmund Freud, posits that human behavior and personality are shaped by unconscious forces and childhood experiences, emphasizing the influence of internal conflicts and repressed emotions.
35
unconscious forces
Unconscious forces refer to the hidden, often repressed, psychological processes and desires that influence behavior and decision-making without the individual's conscious awareness.
36
Behavioral theories
Behavioral theories focus on the idea that personality is a result of learned behaviors through interactions with the environment, emphasizing observable actions over internal thoughts or feelings.
37
Humanist theories
Humanist theories emphasize personal growth, self-awareness, and the inherent goodness of individuals, advocating that people strive for self-actualization and fulfillment of their potential.
38
self actualization
Self-actualization is the process of realizing and fulfilling one's potential and capabilities, often seen as the ultimate goal of personal development in humanist psychology.
39
Uninvolved parenting
A parenting style characterized by a lack of responsiveness to a child's needs, with minimal communication and emotional involvement. This approach often results in children with low self-esteem, poor self-control, and less competence compared to their peers.
40
Authoritative parenting
A balanced parenting style that combines firm rules with open communication and emotional support. It encourages independence while maintaining clear boundaries, leading to children who are happy, competent, and well-adjusted.
41
Authoritarian parenting
A strict parenting style focused on obedience and control, with little room for open dialogue or flexibility. This approach often results in children who are proficient but may struggle with low self-esteem and happiness.
42
permissive parenting
A lenient parenting style that acts more like a friend than a parent, with few rules or expectations. This can lead to children who have difficulty with authority and self-regulation, often struggling with boundaries and discipline.
43
What style of parenting has the **Worst** Outcome
uninvolved parenting
44
What style of parenting has the **Best** outcome
Authoritative
45
role identity
Role identity refers to the internalized perception of oneself in a specific role, shaped by personal beliefs and societal expectations. It encompasses how individuals see themselves and how they believe they should act within that role, such as being a parent, student, or professional.
46
What is a **role**?
A set of expectations related to a certain phase or identity in life
## Footnote
Examples include father, athlete, sister, engineer, and good citizen.
47
Disability does not always lead to **debility and dependence**. True or False?
TRUE
## Footnote
It is important to remember that managing disability can still allow for independence and ability.
48
What are the best outcomes associated with managing disability in older adults?
* Preserving independence
* Maintaining ability for as long as possible
## Footnote
Independent living scenarios are linked to better outcomes compared to institutional settings.
49
Happiness and well-being tend to be **high** among older adults with disability. True or False?
TRUE
## Footnote
Many older adults maintain a high degree of independence and quality of life despite disability.
50
True or false: The presence of a **thought disorder** is likely to lead to emotional and psychological trauma.
FALSE
## Footnote
The presence of a thought disorder is not as likely to lead to emotional and psychological trauma as other characteristics.
51
Psychological disorders do not necessarily correlate with lasting manifestations of **long-term neuropsychological damage**. True or false?
TRUE
## Footnote
This indicates that psychological disorders may not always result in permanent neuropsychological effects.
52
An individual is more at risk for trauma if there are issues from their **past**, such as already having been traumatized in or out of childhood. What does this imply?
Past trauma increases risk for future trauma
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of addressing past experiences in trauma assessments.
53
Research shows that involvement in **spiritual matters** can be good for clients. What is one example of a positive effect?
**Lower levels of depression** among people who attend church
## Footnote
The correlation between church attendance and depression is noted, though causality is debated.
54
True or false: There is evidence to suggest that people who attend church seek treatment for **depression** at a higher rate.
FALSE
## Footnote
No evidence supports that church attendees seek treatment for depression more frequently.
55
What is an effective tool to use when a client is experiencing **extreme and vivid emotions**?
Silence
## Footnote
Silence indicates acceptance and listening, allowing the client space to fully express their feelings.
56
Why might **consolation** not work in the immediate context with a highly emotional client?
It can inadvertently minimize their feelings
## Footnote
Davis may find it hard to listen to anything if his expression of feelings is muted.
57
When is it best to employ **problem-solving** techniques with an emotional client?
After the client has processed their emotions
## Footnote
This ensures that the client is ready to engage in practical solutions.
58
Consolation
Consolation involves offering comfort and reassurance to a client in distress. While well-intentioned, it may not always be effective if the client is overwhelmed with emotions, as it can inadvertently minimize their feelings.
59
micro level
The micro level pertains to individual or small group interactions, where social workers provide direct services. It often involves addressing personal issues such as trauma, poverty, and health concerns, aiming to improve individual well-being.
60
mezzo level
The mezzo level in social work refers to the intermediate scale of intervention, focusing on groups, communities, or organizations. It addresses the collective needs and dynamics, often dealing with issues like resource distribution and community health.
61
macro level
The macro level involves large-scale social processes and structures, such as policies, laws, and societal norms. Social workers at this level aim to influence systemic change and address broad issues like institutional poverty and access to societal benefits.
62
institutional poverty
Institutional poverty refers to the systemic and structural factors that perpetuate poverty within a society. It includes inadequate access to resources, opportunities, and services, often resulting from policies and practices that disadvantage certain groups.
63
pressured speech
Rapid, frenzied speaking that is difficult to interrupt, often seen in manic episodes or stimulant intoxication, where the individual feels an urgent need to express themselves.
64
acute intoxication
A temporary state of altered consciousness and behavior due to the recent consumption of a substance, characterized by symptoms specific to that substance.
65
manic symptoms
Behaviors and mood states associated with mania, including elevated mood, increased energy, hyperactivity, and impulsive actions, often seen in bipolar disorder or during stimulant use.
66
anxiety
A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, often about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome, and can be exacerbated by stimulant use.
67
hyperactivity
A state characterized by excessive movement, restlessness, and an inability to stay still, often seen in conditions like ADHD or during certain drug intoxications.
68
Heroin intoxication
A state resulting from the use of heroin, characterized by symptoms such as contracted pupils, drowsiness, and a sense of euphoria, contrasting with the stimulant effects of drugs like cocaine.
69
What is the **Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)** used for?
To better understand a client's needs, motives, emotions, and conflicts
## Footnote
The TAT involves constructing narratives from ambiguous scenes.
70
What does the **Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)** measure?
Personality and psychopathology
## Footnote
It is a lengthy verbal inventory.
71
How many items are in the **Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)**?
21 items
## Footnote
It is used to gauge a client's level of depression.
72
What does the **Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)** classify?
An individual's personality type, strengths, and preferences
## Footnote
It is a self-report inventory.
73
True or false: The **Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)** is a test used to measure personality.
FALSE
## Footnote
The BDI specifically gauges a client's level of depression.
74
Equifinality
Equifinality is a concept in family systems theory that describes how family members can reach the same end goals through different paths or methods, emphasizing the flexibility and adaptability of family dynamics.
75
Family systems theory
Family systems theory is a framework for understanding the complex interactions and dynamics within a family, viewing it as an interconnected system where each member influences and is influenced by others, with a focus on achieving collective goals and maintaining balance.
76
homeostasis
Homeostasis in family systems theory refers to the family's tendency to maintain stability and balance in its functioning, often by resisting changes that disrupt the established patterns and roles within the family unit.
77
According to family systems theory, families are primarily **goal-oriented**. True or False?
TRUE
## Footnote
This means families have intentions and objectives they strive to achieve.
78
One important goal that all families share is a desire for **________**.
homeostasis
## Footnote
Homeostasis refers to the smooth functioning of the family system.
79
What is the significance of **homeostasis** in family systems theory?
It represents the smooth functioning of the family system.
## Footnote
Families strive to maintain stability and balance in their interactions.
80
attachment theory
Attachment theory, developed by John Bowlby, posits that humans have an innate biological drive to form strong emotional bonds with a primary caregiver, typically the mother, during early childhood. This initial attachment serves as a foundation for emotional and social development, influencing future relationships and behaviors.
81
According to attachment theory, human beings do not form **multiple attachments** initially.
True
## Footnote
This suggests that attachment is a singular process at the beginning of life.
82
# true or false
attachment theory suggests that the need for attachment is an **evolutionary adaptation**.
True
## Footnote
This implies that attachment behaviors have developed over time to enhance survival.
83
Human beings do not **choose** their attachments according to attachment theory.
True
## Footnote
This indicates that attachments are formed naturally rather than through conscious decision-making.
84
trait theory
A psychological approach that focuses on identifying and measuring individual personality characteristics, suggesting that traits are consistent over time and influence behavior across various situations.
85
What are **co-occurring disorders**?
Presence of more than one significant mental health issue
## Footnote
Often refers to a substance-use issue and another mental disorder.
86
According to current thinking, what is the best therapeutic direction for co-occurring disorders?
Treat both conditions at the same time
## Footnote
This approach is considered cost-effective and associated with better outcomes.
87
True or false: Co-occurring disorders only refer to substance-use issues.
FALSE
## Footnote
Co-occurring disorders involve more than one significant mental health issue.
88
What are the **five basic social institutions**?
* Family
* Government
* Religion
* Education
* Economics
## Footnote
These institutions exist to satisfy individuals' basic needs and define roles within society.
89
Social institutions exist to satisfy individuals' basic needs, define roles, support other social institutions, and create _______.
patterns of social behaviors
## Footnote
This highlights the functional role of social institutions in society.
90
What age group is generally interested in finding out more about the world, including **sexual interactions**?
Three to five years old
## Footnote
This curiosity manifests in various ways, including experimenting with urinating in different positions.
91
At what age do children typically start to show more **modesty**?
Six or seven years old
## Footnote
This marks a shift in their behavior regarding sexual curiosity.
92
Children aged one to three are more interested in **personal** rather than shared exploration of sexuality. True or False?
TRUE
## Footnote
This indicates a developmental stage focused on individual curiosity.
93
Systems theory
Systems theory is a conceptual framework that views a family or social group as an interconnected and interdependent set of elements, where changes in one part can affect the entire system. It emphasizes understanding the relationships and patterns within the system rather than focusing solely on individual components.
94
Subsystem
A subsystem is a smaller, self-contained unit within a larger system, such as a family. In the context of systems theory, subsystems are formed based on relationships and roles, like the alliance between siblings, which can influence the dynamics of the entire family system.
95
suprasystem
A suprasystem is the larger, overarching system that encompasses various subsystems. In family systems theory, the entire family unit is considered a suprasystem, which includes all individual members and their interactions, as well as any subsystems that exist within it.
96
Entropy
Entropy in systems theory refers to the tendency of a system to become disorganized, stagnant, or nonproductive over time if it is closed off from external influences. It highlights the importance of adaptability and openness to change for maintaining a healthy, functioning system.
97
PIE perspective
The PIE (Person-In-Environment) perspective is a framework in social work that emphasizes understanding individuals within their social contexts, rather than focusing solely on their internal psychological states or isolated behaviors. It considers the complex interplay between personal and environmental factors in shaping behavior and well-being.
98
Korsakoff's syndrome
A neurocognitive disorder primarily caused by chronic alcohol abuse, characterized by severe memory problems, including difficulty forming new memories and retrieving old ones, often accompanied by confabulation.
99
What are the stages of grief?
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
100
In the **romance** stage of couples development, individuals work to discover what they have in common and find attraction to each other. What is a key characteristic of this stage?
Differences are overlooked
## Footnote
Individuals place very few demands on each other during this stage.
101
The **stability** stage of couples development is characterized by a redirection of time and personal attention towards _______.
one's self
## Footnote
This stage involves focusing on individual activities rather than the partner.
102
What is ideal during the **commitment** stage of couples development?
Marriage
## Footnote
Partners can move forward with the understanding that hard work is needed to make the commitment work.
103
In the **co-creation** stage of couples development, the foundation of the relationship is built on _______.
appreciation of each other
## Footnote
This stage emphasizes love, support, and respect for mutual growth.
104
It is important to note that the stages of couple development are not _______.
linear
## Footnote
Relationships may move back and forth between stages.
105
What are the potential **consequences** of abuse/neglect?
* Depression
* Hopelessness
* Antisocial traits
* Relational difficulties
* Substance use/abuse
* Anxiety
## Footnote
The effects of abuse and/or neglect are variable and can manifest in many ways across different individuals.
106
True or false: The effects of abuse and/or neglect are **standardized** and predictable across all individuals.
FALSE
## Footnote
The effects manifest in various ways and are not the same for everyone.
107
What is a common affective state affected by abuse/neglect?
Flatness of affect
## Footnote
This can also include feelings of hopelessness.
108
Fill in the blank: In some cases, people who have suffered abuse and/or neglect may manifest _______ consequences at all.
no obvious
## Footnote
This highlights the variability in individual responses to abuse and neglect.
109
What is more strongly related to a child's **achievement** than their **emotional outcomes**?
Family income
## Footnote
This indicates that financial resources have a greater impact on academic success than on emotional well-being.
110
Children raised in **poverty** suffer worse penalties for their **ability and achievement** than for their _______.
emotional outcomes
## Footnote
This suggests that academic performance is more adversely affected by poverty than emotional health.
111
Where does **most physical abuse** occur?
In the family
## Footnote
Most physical abuse is perpetrated by someone known to the victim.
112
Who typically perpetrates **physical abuse and neglect**?
Someone the victim knows
## Footnote
This highlights the intimate nature of many abuse cases.
113
What factors are correlated with greater rates of **abuse and neglect**?
* Socioeconomic status
* Presence of drug/alcohol problems in family members
## Footnote
These factors can contribute to an environment where abuse is more likely to occur.
114
Group polarization
Group polarization is a phenomenon where group discussions lead to the adoption of more extreme positions than those held by individual members prior to the discussion. This occurs because of the influence of group dynamics, where members reinforce each other's viewpoints, leading to a shift towards a more extreme consensus.
115
Psychodrama
Psychodrama is a therapeutic technique that involves role-playing and dramatization of personal experiences in a group setting. It allows individuals to explore emotions, gain insight into their behaviors, and practice new ways of interacting by acting out scenarios with the support of group members.
116
Withdrawal can produce profound **physical symptoms** as well as _______ phenomena.
psychological
## Footnote
Both types of symptoms can complicate recovery.
117
List some **physical withdrawal symptoms** from heroin.
* Vomiting
* Muscle cramps
* Convulsions
* Delirium
## Footnote
These symptoms can significantly impact the recovery process.
118
True or false: **Cannabis withdrawal** results in the same physical symptoms as heroin withdrawal.
FALSE
## Footnote
Cannabis withdrawal produces fewer physical symptoms and is more associated with psychological consequences.
119
What are common **psychological consequences** of cannabis withdrawal?
* Irritability
* Sleeplessness
## Footnote
These symptoms differ from the physical symptoms seen in other substances.
120
Hallucinogens like **LSD** and **PCP** produce less of a discrete withdrawal profile than they do the risk of _______.
flashbacks
## Footnote
Flashbacks are recurrent effects of the drug experienced at a later time.
121
Who is associated with the **hierarchy of needs**?
Abraham Maslow
## Footnote
Maslow's work involved a description of a hierarchy of needs depicted as a pyramidal structure.
122
What are the two categories of needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
* D-Needs (deficiency needs)
* B-Needs (being needs)
## Footnote
D-Needs are at the bottom of the pyramid, while B-Needs are at the top.
123
What do **D-Needs** represent in Maslow's hierarchy?
* Physiological survival
* Psychological survival
## Footnote
Without D-Needs, a person will encounter deficiencies such as lack of physical safety and unmet esteem needs.
124
What are **B-Needs** focused on in Maslow's hierarchy?
Achieving unique human potentials
## Footnote
Maslow suggested that B-Needs cannot be met if D-Needs are not satisfied.
125
True or false: **B-Needs** can be met without fulfilling **D-Needs**.
FALSE
## Footnote
Maslow emphasized that B-Needs are not achievable if D-Needs are unmet.
126
Who developed the ideas that led to **conflict theory**?
Karl Marx
## Footnote
Conflict theory explains and addresses inequality, particularly economic inequality.
127
According to **Marx**, how are resources distributed?
In a disproportionate way
## Footnote
Those who have resources take coercive action to protect their status against those who do not.
128
True or false: **Marx** explains inequality by stating that economics determine individual status.
FALSE
## Footnote
Marx believed that social systems foster inequality, but they are not the source of it.
129
What does **conflict theory** primarily address?
Inequality, particularly economic inequality
## Footnote
It explains the dynamics between those who have resources and those who do not.
130
According to **Marx**, what action do those with resources take?
Coercive action to protect their status
## Footnote
This action is against the greater number who do not have resources.
131
Fill in the blank: **Marx** believed that social systems are in place to foster _______.
inequality
## Footnote
However, these systems are not the source of the inequality.
132
Rationalization
Rationalization is a defense mechanism where an individual justifies or explains away their behavior or feelings with seemingly logical reasons, often avoiding the true underlying motives or emotions.
133
Inhibition
Inhibition is a defense mechanism involving the suppression or restraint of certain thoughts, feelings, or actions, often to avoid discomfort or anxiety that might arise from engaging in those activities.
134
Displacement
Displacement is a defense mechanism where an individual redirects emotions or impulses from a threatening target to a safer or more acceptable one, allowing them to express feelings without facing the source of their distress.
135
Secondary gain
Secondary gain refers to the indirect benefits or advantages a person receives from having a physical or mental illness, such as financial compensation, attention, or relief from responsibilities. In Harry's case, the monthly settlement he receives due to his injury is an example of secondary gain.
136
Tertiary gain
Tertiary gain occurs when the illness or condition of one person provides benefits or advantages to others, such as family members or caregivers, who may receive attention, sympathy, or financial support as a result of the individual's condition.
137
What does **hoarding** reflect in children who have experienced neglect?
Fear of deprivation
## Footnote
This behavior is common in children who have been neglected.
138
what are erikson's stages of development
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy from birth to 18 months)
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler years from 18 months to three years)
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool years from three to five)
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle school years from six to 11)
Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion (Teen years from 12 to 18)
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adult years from 18 to 40)
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle age from 40 to 65)
Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Older adulthood from 65 to death)
139
What is the **conflict** during **Infancy (birth to 18 months)** in Erikson's stages of development?
Trust vs. Mistrust
## Footnote
Important event: Feeding. Outcome: Hope.
140
What is the **important event** during **Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)** in Erikson's stages of development?
Toilet Training
## Footnote
Conflict: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. Outcome: Will.
141
What is the **outcome** of the **Preschool (3 to 5 years)** stage in Erikson's stages of development?
Purpose
## Footnote
Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt. Important event: Exploration.
142
During the **School Age (6 to 11 years)** stage, what is the **conflict** in Erikson's stages of development?
Industry vs. Inferiority
## Footnote
Important event: School. Outcome: Confidence.
143
What is the **important event** during **Adolescence (12 to 18 years)** in Erikson's stages of development?
Social Relationships
## Footnote
Conflict: Identity vs. Role Confusion. Outcome: Fidelity.
144
What is the **outcome** of the **Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)** stage in Erikson's stages of development?
Love
## Footnote
Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation. Important event: Relationships.
145
What is the **conflict** during **Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)** in Erikson's stages of development?
Generativity vs. Stagnation
## Footnote
Important event: Work and Parenthood. Outcome: Care.
146
What is the **outcome** of the **Maturity (65 to death)** stage in Erikson's stages of development?
Wisdom
## Footnote
Conflict: Ego Integrity vs. Despair. Important event: Reflection on Life.
147
Civic associations
generally aim to serve neighborhoods and communities in order to improve the general welfare. The purposes of these organizations are very broad, but aim to help the population with a wide variety of services rather than a few specific/targeted services.
148
Who is known for the creation of the **psychosocial development model**?
Erik Erikson
## Footnote
This model classifies specific developmental stages in terms of how the individual relates to others.
149
What does the **psychosocial development model** outline?
Eight stages of human development, each characterized by a specific conflict that must be resolved for healthy psychological and social growth
## Footnote
Developed by Erik Erikson.
150
What is **extended family systems therapy**?
A therapeutic approach developed by Murray Bowen that emphasizes understanding and addressing family dynamics across multiple generations
## Footnote
Aims to resolve emotional issues and improve family functioning.
151
Who developed **Theory Y**?
Douglas McGregor
## Footnote
A management theory suggesting employees are self-motivated and seek responsibility.
152
Theory Y
**Theory Y** suggests that employees are .self-motivated, seek responsibility, and can be creative problem-solvers
## Footnote
Proposed by Douglas McGregor.
153
What is the purpose of **reentry planning**?
To remove barriers to successful reintegration into society after incarceration
## Footnote
Reentry planning often involves referring clients to needed supports, such as employment training, housing programs, and medical/mental health care.
154
What does **community supervision** refer to?
Individuals on probation or parole after contact with the criminal justice system
## Footnote
Community supervision encompasses various forms of oversight for individuals reintegrating into society.
155
What is **probation**?
A form of community control for individuals found guilty of crimes but not dangerous enough to be incarcerated
## Footnote
While on probation, individuals are under supervision and must comply with court orders.
156
What is **cultural identity** related to?
* Religion
* Social class
* Any kind of social group with distinct culture
## Footnote
Cultural identity is a part of one's identity or self-conception.
157
Name the **five categories** of personality theory.
* Biological
* Behavioral
* Psychodynamic
* Humanist
* Trait
## Footnote
Each category offers a different perspective on the factors influencing personality.
158
True or false: **Biological theories** suggest that personality is influenced by environmental interactions.
FALSE
## Footnote
Biological theories suggest that genetics are responsible for one's personality.
159
Fill in the blank: **Behavioral theories** suggest that personality is the result of _______.
interaction(s) between the individual and the environment
## Footnote
This perspective emphasizes the role of external factors in shaping personality.
160
What do **psychodynamic theories** discuss?
How the unconscious mind and childhood experiences influence personality
## Footnote
This approach focuses on internal psychological processes.
161
What is emphasized in **humanist theories**?
The importance of free will and individual experiences
## Footnote
Humanist theories focus on personal growth and self-actualization.
162
Fill in the blank: **Trait theories** hypothesize that personality is made up of a number of _______.
vague/broad traits
## Footnote
This approach categorizes personality into various traits.
163
Negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior. In the context of the vignette, Mr. Tucker believes that by removing his wife's nagging, he will be more motivated to complete tasks around the house.
164
Positive punishment
Positive punishment introduces an adverse stimulus following an undesired behavior to decrease its occurrence. For example, adding extra chores when a child misbehaves to discourage future misbehavior.
165
Positive reinforcement
Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior by introducing a rewarding stimulus after the behavior occurs. For instance, giving praise or rewards when a desired behavior, like completing homework, is performed.
166
negative punishment
Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus to decrease the occurrence of a behavior. An example is taking away a child's video game privileges when they fail to complete their chores.
167
which medication produces unpleasant side effects when combined with alcohol.
Antabuse
## Footnote
It is used together with behavior modification, psychotherapy, and support to assist those who have alcohol use disorder.
168
Topamax
can be used for the treatment of bipolar disorder,
169
Clorzaril
can be used for the treatment of schizophrenia and mania.
170
What are the **four stages** of **cognitive development** according to Jean Piaget?
* Sensorimotor: Birth through 24 months
* Preoperational: Toddlerhood (two years) through early childhood (age seven)
* Concrete operational: Ages seven to 11
* Formal operational: Age 11 through adulthood
## Footnote
These stages represent the progression of cognitive abilities from infancy to adulthood.
171
What age range does the **Sensorimotor stage** cover?
Birth through 24 months
## Footnote
This stage involves learning through sensory experiences and manipulating objects.
172
During which stage do children enter **toddlerhood** and early childhood according to Piages model?
Preoperational: Toddlerhood (two years) through early childhood (age seven)
## Footnote
In this stage, children begin to engage in symbolic play and learn to manipulate symbols, but they do not yet understand concrete logic.
173
What is the age range for the **Concrete operational stage**?
Ages seven to 11
## Footnote
This stage is characterized by the development of logical thought and understanding of concrete events.
174
At what age does the **Formal operational stage** begin?
Age 11 through adulthood
## Footnote
This stage involves the development of abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking.
175
The **concrete operational stage** is characterized by the beginning of _______.
abstract thoughts
## Footnote
However, cause-and-effect relationships and rules are very important during this stage.
176
True or false: In the **concrete operational stage**, rules of logic are understood.
TRUE
## Footnote
Deviations or expectations from these rules are often negatively viewed.
177
What is **Acceptance** in communication concepts?
An acknowledgment of 'what is'
## Footnote
Acceptance is crucial for effective communication as it sets the stage for understanding and dialogue.
178
Define **Cognitive dissonance**.
When one has to choose between two contradictory beliefs
## Footnote
Cognitive dissonance often leads to mental discomfort and a potential change in beliefs or behaviors.
179
What does **Context** refer to in communication?
The circumstances surrounding human exchanges of information
## Footnote
Context is essential for interpreting messages accurately.
180
What is a **Double bind**?
When one is offered two contradictory messages, but blocked from noticing the contradictions
## Footnote
This can lead to confusion or stress in communication.
181
Define **Echolalia**.
The repetition of noises and phrases
## Footnote
Echolalia is often observed in individuals with autism or other developmental disorders.
182
What is meant by **Information** in communication?
Anything one perceives from the environment(s) or from within oneself
## Footnote
Information is the foundation of communication and understanding.
183
What is **Information processing**?
Responses to information that is mediated through one's perspective and evaluation of knowledge received
## Footnote
This process is influenced by individual biases and experiences.
184
What is an **Information processing block**?
When there is a failure to perceive and evaluate potentially useful/new information
## Footnote
This can occur due to biases, stress, or overload.
185
Define **Metacommunication**.
The context within which to interpret the content of the message
## Footnote
It includes cues like tone and body language that influence understanding.
186
What are examples of **Nonverbal communications**?
* Body language
* Volume
* Facial expression
## Footnote
Nonverbal communication can convey messages just as powerfully as verbal communication.
187
What sequence of **relationship formation** does psychosocial development follow according to Erikson?
* Attachment
* Autonomy
* Intimacy
## Footnote
This sequence outlines the progression of relationship formation from infancy to adulthood.
188
What is Erikson's **first stage** of psychosocial development focused on?
Trust
## Footnote
In this stage, children learn whether their needs can be met by others, which can lead to insecurities if attachments are not nurturing.
189
What is the **second stage** in Erikson's model called?
Autonomy
## Footnote
In this stage, toddlers develop a sense of personal control and independence, learning to make choices and assert their will.
190
In Erikson's third stage, what do young children begin to assert through play and social interactions?
Power and control
## Footnote
This fosters a sense of purpose in young children.
191
What is the **fourth stage** in Erikson's theory focused on?
Industry
## Footnote
School-aged children strive to master skills and knowledge, developing a sense of competence and achievement.
192
In Erikson's sixth stage, what do young adults seek to form?
Deep, meaningful relationships
## Footnote
This stage balances closeness with independence to avoid feelings of isolation.
193
What is a potential outcome of Erikson's sixth stage if intimate relationships are not established?
Isolation
## Footnote
This can lead to loneliness and a sense of being disconnected from others.
194
What are indicators of **addiction and substance abuse**?
* Feelings of being powerless
* Causing problems at work/school/home
* Abandoning activities that used to be enjoyed
## Footnote
These indicators suggest a potential addiction or substance abuse issue.
195
What is **operant conditioning**?
A behavior is reinforced by either gaining something positive or having something negative taken away
## Footnote
This process involves the modification of behavior through rewards or consequences.
196
Define **extinction** in the context of operant conditioning.
The disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is not reinforced
## Footnote
Extinction occurs when reinforcement is no longer provided.
197
What is the goal of **aversion therapy**?
To reduce the attractiveness of a stimulus or behavior by pairing it with a negative stimulus
## Footnote
This treatment aims to create an aversive response to the undesired behavior.
198
What is **negative reinforcement**?
When the behavior increases because a negative (aversive) stimulus is removed
## Footnote
This process encourages the repetition of a behavior by eliminating discomfort.
199
Define **classical conditioning**.
The process in which a conditioned, automatic response is paired with specific stimuli
## Footnote
This type of learning involves creating associations between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
200
reinforcer
A stimulus or event that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, either by providing a positive outcome or removing a negative one.
201
Pluralism
Pluralism is the belief that a society should be inclusive of individuals from various social classes, races, and religions, allowing them to coexist while maintaining their distinct traditions and interests. It emphasizes the coexistence and mutual respect of diverse groups within a single society.
202
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own ethnic group or culture is superior to others, often leading to prejudice and discrimination against those from different backgrounds. It involves judging other cultures based on the standards and values of one's own culture.
203
Static risk factors
Static risk factors are characteristics or conditions that cannot be changed through intervention or treatment, such as historical events or inherent traits. These factors are often used to assess long-term risk and include elements like past criminal history or age.
204
dynamic risk factors
Dynamic risk factors are characteristics or conditions that can be altered through intervention or treatment. These factors are often targeted in therapeutic settings to reduce risk and include elements like substance abuse or current mental health status.
205
Give an example of a **family issue risk factor**.
Domestic violence
## Footnote
This type of risk factor can significantly impact individuals and families.
206
What is an example of a risk factor that falls under **poor skills**?
Low intelligence quotient
## Footnote
This can affect an individual's ability to cope with various challenges.
207
Self-competence and self-esteem are categorized under which type of risk factor?
Stressors
## Footnote
These factors can influence an individual's mental health and overall well-being.
208
True or false: **Low self-esteem** and a low sense of self-competence are considered risk factors.
TRUE
## Footnote
High self-esteem and a sense of self-competence are not considered risk factors.
209
Equifinality
Equifinality is a concept in systems theory suggesting that a given end state or outcome, such as a psychological disorder, can be reached through many different paths or experiences. This means that individuals with similar diagnoses, like anorexia nervosa, may have vastly different backgrounds and life experiences leading to the same condition.
210
In which life stage is **self-esteem** generally considered to be relatively high?
Childhood
## Footnote
Self-esteem tends to drop during adolescence.
211
During which life stage does **self-esteem** typically drop?
Adolescence
## Footnote
This is a common trend observed in the development of self-esteem.
212
What happens to **self-esteem** throughout adulthood?
Rises
## Footnote
After adolescence, self-esteem generally increases during adulthood.
213
In which life stage does **self-esteem** decline sharply?
Old age
## Footnote
This decline contrasts with the rising trend observed in adulthood.
214
What is a **Danger to Self: Suicide** – **Behavioral Warning Sign**?
Giving away personal belongings
## Footnote
Behavioral warning signs indicate that an individual may currently be struggling with suicidal thoughts or behaviors.
215
What are the **Danger to Self: Suicide** – **Risk Factors**?
* History of previous suicide attempts
* Living alone, lack of social supports
* Presence of psychiatric disorder – depression
* Substance abuse
* Family history of suicide
* Exposure to suicide
* Losses – relationships, jobs, financial, social
* Presence of firearms or easy access to other lethal methods
## Footnote
Risk factors describe factors that may increase the chance that an individual will engage in suicidal behavior.
216
What are **opioids**?
* Prescription painkillers (e.g., Percocet, OxyContin)
* Street drug (e.g., heroin)
* Codeine (ingredient in some cough syrups)
## Footnote
Opioids are used for pain relief but also have a high potential for abuse.
217
What is a significant phenomenon associated with **substance use and recovery**?
Withdrawal
## Footnote
Withdrawal can produce both physical and psychological symptoms that complicate recovery.
218
List some **physical withdrawal symptoms** from heroin.
* Vomiting
* Muscle cramps
* Convulsions
* Delirium
## Footnote
These symptoms can be severe and may hinder recovery efforts.
219
What is **medication-assisted treatment**?
Use of medication to address issues related to opioid dependence
## Footnote
This includes managing withdrawal, cravings, and preventing relapse.
220
True or false: **Withdrawal** from substance use can only produce physical symptoms.
FALSE
## Footnote
Withdrawal can also lead to psychological phenomena, complicating the recovery process.
221
Respondent behavior
Respondent behavior refers to involuntary, reflexive actions that are automatically elicited by specific stimuli. These behaviors are innate, not learned, and occur without conscious control, such as salivating when smelling food.
222
What is the **first level of cognition**?
Knowledge: Role memorization, recall, or recognition of facts
## Footnote
This level involves basic understanding and retention of information.
223
Define the **second level of cognition**.
Comprehension: Understanding what the facts mean
## Footnote
This level goes beyond memorization to grasp the meaning of information.
224
What does the **third level of cognition** entail?
Application: Correct use of the facts, rules, or ideas
## Footnote
This level involves using learned information in practical situations.
225
What is involved in the **fourth level of cognition**?
Analysis: Breaking down information into component parts
## Footnote
This level focuses on examining and understanding the structure of information.
226
Define the **fifth level of cognition**.
Synthesis: Combination of facts, ideas, or information to make a new whole
## Footnote
This level involves creating new ideas or concepts from existing information.
227
What is the **sixth level of cognition**?
Evaluation: Judging or forming an opinion about the information or situation
## Footnote
This level involves critical thinking and making informed judgments.
228
What factors influence responses to **loss, grief, and separation**?
* Race
* Gender
* Spirituality
* Culture
* Ethnicity
## Footnote
These factors shape how individuals experience and process grief.
229
True or false: Growth from grief is usually readily apparent and can be achieved immediately.
FALSE
## Footnote
Growth resulting from grief is often not immediately visible and takes time.
230
List some **needs** that can lead to growth or healing after a loss.
* Acknowledging the reality of the loss
* Embracing the pain of the loss
* Remembering the relationships that existed
* Developing a new self-identity
* Searching for meaning
* Receiving ongoing support from others
## Footnote
These needs are essential for processing grief and fostering healing.
231
What is not healthy to remember regarding a relationship that ended?
How and/or why the relationship ended
## Footnote
Focusing on the reasons for the end of a relationship can hinder growth and healing.
232
What is the first step to understanding a client's culture
Understand your own culture
233
defense analysis
defense analysis is the process of helping clients recognize and understand their unconscious psychological defense mechanisms
234
confrontation
confrontation is a therapeutic technique that involves directly but gently addressing a client's inconsistencies between their words, behaviors, feelings, and thoughts
235
ecological systems perspective
A social work framework that views a client's behavior as influenced by the interactions between different systems in their environment, such as family, school, and community; interventions often involve coordinating support across these systems.
236
Universal social welfare
Universal social welfare refers to programs and benefits that are available to all members of society, regardless of income or need. These programs aim to provide a safety net for everyone and are typically funded through taxation. An example is Social Security, which ensures that all eligible citizens receive benefits.
237
institutional view of social welfare
The institutional view of social welfare sees it as a necessary and integrated part of society, focusing on prevention and addressing social issues before they become crises. This perspective supports the idea that welfare services should be available to all as a right, rather than a privilege.
238
residual view of social welfare
The residual view of social welfare considers it a temporary measure to address immediate and emergency needs. It operates on the belief that individuals should primarily rely on their own resources, and welfare services should only intervene when all other means have been exhausted.
239
social model with addiction
The social model of addiction suggests that substance use is learned through observation and imitation of others, such as peers or family members, highlighting the role of social influences and relationships in the development of addiction.
240
family and environmental model with addiction
The family and environmental model attributes addiction to factors within the family system and broader environment, such as family dysfunction, trauma, community disorganization, and socioeconomic status, emphasizing how these external factors contribute to substance use.
241
Reaction formation
Reaction formation is a defense mechanism where a person unconsciously replaces an unacceptable or threatening feeling or impulse with its opposite, often to hide their true feelings or desires.
242
Grooming
Grooming is a manipulative process used by predators to gain the trust of a potential victim and their guardians, often involving gifts, attention, and affection, to create a sense of dependency and prepare the victim for future abuse.
243
Idealization
Idealization is a defense mechanism where an individual attributes exaggerated positive qualities to another person, often overlooking their flaws, to reduce anxiety or discomfort. This can lead to unrealistic perceptions and expectations.
244
Schizophrenia
A chronic mental disorder involving a range of symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and impaired functioning, with disturbances persisting for at least six months.
245
Schizophreniform disorder
A mental health disorder characterized by symptoms similar to schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions, lasting more than one month but less than six months, with the possibility of full recovery.
246
no-suicide contract
A no-suicide contract is a written or verbal agreement in which a client promises not to harm themselves, but research shows it is not effective as a safety measure and should not be relied upon for clients at high or imminent risk.
247
Lawrence Kohlberg was a psychologist best known for his theory of moral development, which outlines how individuals progress through different stages of moral reasoning as they mature.
248
What are the **three levels** of moral development according to **Lawrence Kohlberg**?
* Preconventional
* Conventional
* Postconventional
## Footnote
Kohlberg's model suggests that moral development progresses through these three levels.
249
The **Preconventional** level in Kohlberg's theory is characterized by making moral decisions based on _______.
personal consequences
## Footnote
This includes avoiding punishment or seeking rewards.
250
In the **Conventional** level of Kohlberg's moral development, decisions are based on _______.
societal norms
## Footnote
Individuals desire to gain approval from others, as exemplified by Malik's behavior.
251
The **Postconventional** level in Kohlberg's theory is defined by moral decisions based on _______.
abstract principles and values
## Footnote
This includes concepts such as justice and equality, rather than societal norms.
252
Individual psychology Theory
Individual psychology was originated by Adler as a relatively radical Neo-Freudian theory that placed a much stronger emphasis (relative to Freud) on the purpose of behavior and basic desires of humans for a sense of achievement, community belonging/membership/recognition, and purpose. Adlerian theory is substantially more positive, optimistic, and health focused, as opposed to the conflict/pathology focus of Freud.
253
What are Kohlbergs stages of moral reasoning?
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
254
Preconventional stage of kohlbergs moral reasoning
ages 3-7
Moral reasoning based on reward and punishment
255
conventional stage of kohlbergs moral reasoning
ages 8-13
moral reasoning based on external ethics
256
postconventional stage of kohlbergs moral reasoning
adulthood
moral reasoning based on personal ethics
257
Egocentrism
Egocentrism, according to Piaget, is a cognitive trait in early childhood where children are unable to see things from another person's perspective; they believe their own viewpoint is the only one, which can lead them to think events like their parents' divorce are their fault.
258
Object permanence
Object permanence is the understanding, developed in the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years), that objects and people continue to exist even when they are out of sight; this concept is not related to self-blame for events.
259
conservation
Conservation is a logical skill that develops in the concrete operational stage (around ages 7-11), allowing children to recognize that certain properties (like quantity or volume) remain the same even when their appearance changes, such as water poured into differently shaped glasses.
260
Undoing
Undoing is a defense mechanism where an individual attempts to negate or 'undo' a previous unacceptable action or thought by engaging in a behavior that symbolically reverses or compensates for it.
261
Introjection
A defense mechanism where an individual unconsciously absorbs and internalizes the qualities or attributes of another person, often a loved or hated figure, into their own psyche.
262
Decompensation
The process where an individual's existing defense mechanisms fail, leading to a deterioration in mental health and an inability to cope with stressors.
263
Incorporation
A primitive defense mechanism where an individual symbolically ingests or takes in the attributes or qualities of another person, often seen in early developmental stages.
264
Negative entropy
Negative entropy refers to the process of exchanging energy and resources between systems, which fosters growth, transformation, and increased complexity, counteracting the natural tendency towards disorder.
265
Lantus
Lantus is a sterile solution of insulin glargine for use as a subcutaneous injection for diabetes.
266
maturational crisis
A maturational crisis is a type of developmental crisis that occurs as a person navigates through the predictable stages of life, such as adolescence, marriage, or retirement. These crises are part of the normal growth process and require individuals to adapt to new roles and expectations.
267
Rapprochement
A subphase of the separation individuation process occurring between 15 and 24 months, where a child seeks to re-establish closeness with the caregiver after realizing their own individuality, often needing reassurance and support as they explore their independence.
268
What are the three self object needs in self psychology related to therapeutic regression.
The three self object needs are:
Mirroring: Behavior validates the child's sense of a perfect self
Idealization: Child borrows strength from others and identifies with someone more capable
Twinship/Twinning: Child needs an alter ego for a sense of belonging
269
mirroring self-object need
Mirroring: Behavior validates the child's sense of a perfect self
270
idealization self-object need
Idealization: Child borrows strength from others and identifies with someone more capable
271
Twinship/Twinning self-object need
Twinship/Twinning: Child needs an alter ego for a sense of belonging
272
Equifinality
refers to the concept that similar outcomes may stem from different early experiences.
273
Throughput
Throughput refers to the amount of energy or resources that a system processes and utilizes to achieve its objectives. It is a measure of a system's efficiency and capacity to transform inputs into outputs, playing a crucial role in maintaining the system's functionality and progress.
LCSW Exam Prep (mine)
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