1
Q
Sensitive Period
A
susceptible to environmental experiences
2
Q
Critical Period
A
When an event has greatest consequence. Must happen in a window of time.
3
Q
Plasticity
A
Degree to which development can be influenced by environment
4
Q
Performationism
A
children are like minature adults
5
Q
Tabula Rasa
A
- John Locke
- Children, clean slate.
- innately good
6
Q
Continuous
A
- gradual process. Builds on itselv
- Quantitative
7
Q
Discontinuous
A
- Abrupt.
- Does not build
- Qualitative
8
Q
Testable prediction about 2 or more variables
A
Hypothesis
9
Q
Observation & Experimentation that produces reliable results
A
- Scientific Method
- Question
- Hypothesis
- Testing
- Collect Data
- Draw conclusion
10
Q
Systemic People watching
A
- Naturalistic Observation
- can’t establish ause an effect because no control
11
Q
Detailed examination of the life of one person
A
Case Study
12
Q
Statistical relationship between 2 variables. Knowing one makes possible to predict the other
A
Correlational study
13
Q
An experimental group and a control group
A
Experiment
14
Q
Variable is different for the experimental group than for the control Group
A
Independent Variable
15
Q
outcome can be measured to calculate the results of the experiment by comparing the ex group with the control group
A
Dependent Variable
16
Q
Collecting data of a variety of ages on a single occasion
A
Cross Sectional Research
17
Q
Same persons are followed over time and data collected on 2 or more occasions
A
Longitudinal Research
18
Q
An explanation of historical experience rather than maturation.
A
Cohort Effect ex. 911 or Katrina
19
Q
Unconscious biological focus. Freud
A
Psychoanalytic
20
Q
Theory that behavior results from our experiences and what receive from external environment
A
Behaviorism
21
Q
Looking to the caregiver for cues
A
Social Referencing
22
Q
For all age groups a process that exists for cognitive functioning
A
Information Processing
23
Q
Cognitive Development
A
how cognition changes with Age. Piaget.
24
Q
Social and cultural factors
A
sociocultural
25
Ecological Systems
* shaped by 5 interrelated systems in the social environment.
* Too broad
26
Pros for longitudinal Research
can follow one age group over time and get a consistant study
27
Cons for Longitudinal Research x6
* Cost
* Time
* Attrition
* Practice
* Measurement change
* Less of an impact over time
28
Pros for Cross sectional research
* Fast, easy cheap
29
Cons for Cross Sectional Research
* Measures developmental differences not developmental change.
* Cohort differences
30
Cons with Correlational Research
* statistical relationships can be interpreted in terms of changes in one variable causing changes in the other
* **Directionality Problem**
* **what if third variable effects both**
31
Cons with Lab testing
* Ethical Dilemma
* Artifical context
32
Problems with Clinical Interview
relies on verbal expression. Difficult to compare between other individuals.
33
Problems with Psycho-biological
* Information you cannot observe
* expensive
* invasive
34
Problems with case study
Can't generalize. Tend to make assumption about everyone
35
Problems with Naturalistic Observation
difficult to be objective. Observer can affect situation they are observing
36
Problems with Self Report
Selective Memory, inaccurate
37
Normal cell division, exact mutation always happens
mitosis
38
Contain Gametes. 23 from Mom 23 from Dad.
Meiosis
39
When the union of sperm and ovum and new cell occurs
zygote
40
Fraternal twins
dizygotic
41
100% genetic material. Identical Twins
Monozygotic
42
double stranded make up of chromosomes
DNA
43
Store and transport genetic information. In nucleus of cells contains genes.
Chromosomes
44
Contain Instructions, Proteins, Segment DNA
GENE
45
X & Y Chromosomes. X is longer with more genetic material
Sex Chromosomes
46
Unique Genetic Inheritance
Genotype
47
Actual characteristics derived from genotype
phenotype
48
2 Dominant 2 Recessive
homozygous
49
1 dominant 1 recessive
Heterozygous
50
When the dominant gene gets expressed
Dominant Inheritance
51
When recessive gene is influential
Recessive Inheritance
52
Many genes determine a characteristic
Polygenic Inheritance
53
Gene Therapy
Method of treating genetic disorders by **replacing affected genes**
54
Mutations
* Caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA,
* deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.
* Ex Sickle Cell Anemia
55
X-linked inheritance
* recessive x chromosome,
* females have a back up males do not.
* Recessive gets expressed
56
PKU
* Phenylketonura
* Epigenetics- single gene mutation
* Lack enzyme for tyrosine
* inhibit formation of myein.
* avoid starchy foods
57
Extra copy of 21st pair
down syndrome
58
Heritability
genes responsible for differences among persons (estimate)
59
Passive Genotype
* both genes & env't
* parents provide environment through development
60
Active Genotype
niche picking to match their gene
61
Evocative Genotype
* Child driven
* evoke response from others
62
the outset of meiosis exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes
Crossing Over
63
Germinal Stage
* Shortest period
* begins at fertilization ends at implantation (8-10 days later)
64
Embryonic Stage
* Implantation at end of 8th week
* organ development
* can touch move
65
Fetal Stage
* 9th week until birth
* Sexual Differentiation
* 1.5" - 20"
* .02 lbs- 7 lbs
* GROWTH
66
Top to bottom growth
Cephalocaudal Pattern
67
In to out. Heart first
Proximodistal
68
Age of Viability
3rd Trimester. 20 weeks
69
Any environmental factor that may affect a fetus
Teratogen
70
Blastocyst
Ball of 100 cells formed 1 week following conception
71
Neural Tube
* Part of the endoderm that will become spinal chord and **Brain**
* during embryonic period
72
Maternal Stress
* fetus builds on itself permanently to deal with this kind of stress env't
* When born may have pathological issues.
73
Maternal Nurtrition
Risk for Pre-term births & small for date
74
Effects of Alcohol on Fetus x6
* Psychopath
* hyperactivity
* 30% chance of fetal alchol syndrome
* Small heald
* Lack of conolutions
* Eye problems
75
Effects of Opiates on Fetus x4
* Addictd baby
* Anemia
* Cardiac Disease
* Still birth
76
Tobacco on fetus x4
* Low O2 and high carbon Monoxide
* Low birth weight
* fast heart beat
* still birth
77
Toxoplasmosis
Cat little feces
78
Effects of Mercury on fetus x5
* Minimata disease
* limb problems
* mental health
* cardiac
* paralysis
79
Types of Teratogens
* pollution
* radiation
* viruses/diseases
* alchohol
* drugs
80
2nd Trimester
Vernix Lanugo
81
Survival Weeks
27-29
82
Sexual differentiation
* First week no anatomical gender
* karyotype distinguishes male from female
* Gonadal differences
83
Upside down delivery
* breech.
* Oxygen deprivation.
* Suctioning
84
Fontanels
soft spot on baby's skull, shift during birth
85
Apgar Scale
* Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration
* 7 or higher
* 1-5 min after birth
86
Anoxia
* Grows lanugo (hair).
* Blue in the face.
* Oxygen deprivation
87
Low birth weight
less than 5.5 lbs
88
Pre-term
* womb no longer comfortable **environment**
* **high bp**
89
Small for date
* problem with fetus
* weigh less than 90% of other neonates at age group
* 4 times higher death rate
90
Kangaroo Care
* Being strapped to mothers body
* skin-skin
* 2-3 hours a day
91
Stages of Childbirth
1. Dilation, cervix thinking. Transition (12-14 hours)
2. Pushing, birth of baby
3. Placenta (hope breast milk will come)
92
head turns when cheek is strokes
rooting
93
babinski
stroke foot and toes fan out
94
Moro
arms thrust out when head and neck not supported
95
stepping reflex
when feet on flat surface baby will walk
96
grasping
grasp object placed in hand
97
SIDS
* Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (btwn 1-4 mnths)
* no apparent illness or disorder
* sleeping on stomach
* forget to breathe
98
Synaptogenesis
* up to 3 years of age
* rapid development of dendtritic trees
99
3 Changes in the brain
1. Myelination
2. Synaptogenesis
3. Synaptic Pruning
100
Myelination
* myelin sheath
* around axon of a neuron.
* essential for functioning of the nervous system.
101
Experience expectant
* Expect due to evolutionary heritage
* Commonalities
* Explain universals of human development
102
Experience Dependent
* Individual differences
* Unique experiences (yelling at home)
103
Visual cliff
* **depth perception**. Ability to discern relative objects in environment
* requires practice and experience
104
Strange Situation
* Ainsworth
* most reliable assessment of attachemtn
* anxious disorganized when caregiver is gone
105
Crying Contagion
* when one cries they all cry
* recruiting adults
* think there is something wrong
106
Six Week Peak
crying tapers off
107
Synaptic Pruning
* dying off of unused dendtrites.
* Done by 15 yrs
* Plasticity
108
Back to sleep program
* Educational program about healthy sleep
109
6 Benefits for Breast fed baby
1. Decrease risk of obesity
2. antibodies
3. digestion
4. jaw development
5. myelination
6. iron absoprtion
110
Theory
explain and make predictions about development
111
Secondary emotions
* Self conscious
* 18-24 months
* embaressment
* pride
* shame
112
Sensorimotor
* Infants learn about the world thru **own** senses
113
Goodnes of fit
* temperment and environmental demands
* change env't to FIT child temperment
114
Novelty Preference
* Basic infant tendency that habituation pardigms capitilize on.
* want to see something new
115
Protective Factors
* Environmental Factors allow to thrive even in the fae of adveristy
* secure attachment
116
Preferential Looking Paradigm
* 2 stimulis side-by-side
* measure looking time
* born with morality
117
Violation of Expectation
* babies look longer at what they can't understand
118
Habituation
* Gradual reduction of response due to repetition of stimuli
* bored
119
Internal Working Model
* Self Awareness and others
120
Attachment
* Enduring emotional mond between mother and baby
121
Difficult Tempermant
* negative moods
* don't adapt well
122
4 Factors that Characterize Attachment
1. Separation distress
2. happy at reunion
3. social referencing
4. proximity seeking
123
Representation
* being able to create a mental image
124
Object Permanence
* knowing an object continues to exist even when it is not there.
125
Deferred Imitation
* ability to **repeat actions** observed at an earlier time
126
3 types of evidence used to demonstrate Representation
1. Object Permanence
2. Deferred Imitation
3. Make-believe play
127
A not B Error
* incomplete understanding
* Piaget
* don't understand that objects exist independent of own actions
* OR memory limitation. Tendency to REPEAT
128
Joint Attention
* shared focus of two individuals on an object
129
Risk Factor
* Something negative
* insecure attachement
* increase negative outcome
130
Harlow Tests Freud
* Monkey, 1 had fleece blanket 1 had milk
* Bowlby was right, 22hours, need blanket
131
3 Factors that Predict Secure Attachment
1. Consitency
2. Sensitivity
3. Low cortisol
132
Rouge Test
* Lipstic on nose
* baby in mirror se see if they touch it
* **Self Recognition**
* should pass by 18 months
133
3 Impirical Interventions
1. Ventral Ventral Contact
2. Massage
3. Kangaroo Care
134
Preferential looking and Habituation
baby has tendency to look at habituated stimulus
