Biology > Human Digestive System > Flashcards

Human Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the mode of nutrition
Human take in bread and digest it in the body

A

Holozoic nutrition

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2
Q

Identify the following mode of nutrition
- Photosynthesis

A

Au/to/tro/phic nutrition

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3
Q

Identify the mode off nutrition
Bread mould

A
  • Sa/pro/phy/tic nutrition
  • break down the food outside the body
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4
Q

Identify the mode of nutrition
- tapeworms

A
  • Pa/ra/si/tic nutrition
  • live inside the body of other organism
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5
Q

Arrange the sequence in which the food entering the digestive system
Stomach, small intestine, mouth cavity, anus, pharynx, large intestine, oesophagus

A

Mouth cavity → Pharynx → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → anus

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6
Q

What is the function of incisor

A

Biting and cutting food

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7
Q

What is the function of canine ?

A

Tearing flesh

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8
Q

What are the function of premolar and molar ?

A

Crushing and grinding food

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9
Q

The process of chewing food into smaller pieces is called __________

A

Mastication

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10
Q

The dental formula of human is 2123.

  1. How many teeth does human have ?
  2. The four number represent what kind of teeth respectively ?
A
  1. 32 (28 if wisdom teeth are removed, wt is also regarded as the third wisdom teeth )
  2. Incisor, canine, premolar and molar
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11
Q

What is the function of cementum.

A

Protects the tooth from wearing down as a result of chewing

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12
Q

Determine and explain the following body parts are living or non-living
(i) Enamel
(ii) Dentine

A

(i) Non-living
(ii) Living, contain strands of living cytoplasm

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13
Q

What are the functions of pulp cavity ? (5 marks)

A
  • Contain blood vessels
  • supply oxygen and *nutrients to the teeth
  • remove waste from it
  • contain nerve fibres
  • detect temperature and pressure
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14
Q

Define “physical digestion”. Briefly describe its effect. (3 marks)

A
  • break down food into *smaller piece
  • by physical action
  • increase surface area of the food for the digestive juice to work on
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15
Q

Define “chemical digestion” (3 marks)

A
  • break down large, complex food molecule
  • into small and soluble molecules
  • catalysed by digestive enzymes
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16
Q

Physical digestion in mouth cavity

A

chewing/mastication

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17
Q

Chemical digestion in mouth cavity, which digestve gland is responible for this ?

A
  • salivary gland
  • it produce salivary amylase
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18
Q

State three substances in saliva. (3 marks)

A
  • salivary amylase
  • mucus
  • water
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19
Q

Function of salivary amylase

A
  • catalyse the breakdown of starch to maltose
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20
Q

Function of mucus in saliva. (3 marks)

A
  • bind food particles together
  • moisten and lubricates food
  • make them easier to be ***masticated and swallowed
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21
Q

Function of water in saliva.

A
  • dissolve soluble *substances in the food
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22
Q

Describe the process of moving food from oesophagus to stomach. (5 marks)

A
  • peristalsis
  • behind the bolus: circular muscle *contract and longitudinal muscle *relax
  • lumen smaller (squeeze)
  • in front of the bolus: circular muscle *relax and longitudinal muscle *contract
  • lumen larger (slide through)
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23
Q

Function of cardiac sphincter.

A

Its contraction prevent food flowing back to oesophagus

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24
Q

Which organ’s contraction prevent food flowing back to oesophagus

A

cardiac sphincter

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25
Function of pyloric sphincter.
Its contraction control the release of food into the duodenum
26
Which organ's contraction control the release of food into the duodenum
pyloric sphincter
27
Physical digestion in stomach
churning
28
Which juice is involved in the digestion in stomach.
gastric juice
29
Three substances in gastric juice
- pepsin - hydrochloric acid - mucus
30
Function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. (2 marks)
- provide an acidic medium for the action of pepsin - kills most bacteria in food
31
Function of pepsin in gastric juice. (2 marks)
- A protease - catalyse the breakdown of protein into peptide
32
Function of mucus in gastric juice. (2 marks)
- protect the stomach from being digested by pepsin - damaged by hydrochloric acid
33
The _______sphincter release _________ into the duodenum after digestion in stomach completed.
pyloric sphincter, chy/me
34
Production of bile
liver
35
Storage of bile
gall bladder
36
Three substances in bile
- bile salt - bile pigments - sodium hydrogencarbonate
37
Function of bile salt. (3 marks)
- emulsify lipids into smaller droplets - increasing surface area of lipids for lipase to work on - **facilitate chemical digestion**
38
Bile pigment. (2 marks)
- wasted product from the breakdown of haemoglobin from *red blood cells - *excreted in faeces
39
Function of sodium hydrogencarbonate in gastric juice. (3 marks)
- neutralize the acidic chyme - protect the small intestine from being damaged - provides alkaline medium for the action of the enzymes in small intestine
40
Substances in the pancreatic juice. (4 marks)
- pancreatic amylase - pancreatic lipase - proteases (pancreatic protease ????) - sodium hydrogencarbonate
41
Function of pancreatic lipase
- catalyse the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
42
Function of proteases in pancreatic juice. (2 marks)
- catalyse the breakdown of some protein into peptides - catalyse the breakdown of peptides into amino acids
43
Function of pancreatic amylase.
- catalyse the breakdown of starch to maltose
44
Substances in the intestine juice. (3 marks)
- Water - Mucus - Sodium hydrogencarbonate
45
Function of intestine juice.
- provides an alkaline medium for the action of enzymes on the epithelium of the small intestine
46
Which part in small intestine is reponsible for chemical digestion.
- specialized cells/ digestive enzymes on the epithelium of small intestine
47
Two enzymes on the epithelium of small intestine
- carbonhydrases - proteases
48
Function of carbonhydrases on the epithelium of small intestine.
- catalyst the breakdown from disaccharides to monosaccharides
49
Function of proteases on the epithelium of small intestine.
- catalyst the breakdown of some peptides to amino acids
50
Digestion of protein first take place at where.
- stomach
51
How are monosaccharides, amino acids and vitamin B are absorbed. (2 marks)
- *directly **absorbed** into the blood in the capiilaries - by diffusion and active transport
52
How are water being absorbed ? (2 marks)
- directly absorbed into the blood in the capiilaries - by osmosis
53
How are fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed ? (3 marks)
- enter the epithelium of villi by diffusion - recombine to lipids - lipids *enter the lymph of the lacteals
54
How are vitamin A and D are absorbed. (2 marks)
- *directly absorbed into the lacteals - by diffusion
55
Small intestine very long
allow sufficient time for complete digestion and absorption
56
highly folded inner wall with numerous villi/ presence of villi
increase surface area for absorption
57
one-cell-thick epithelium
- reduce diffusion distance for absorption
58
How lacteals/ network of capillaries of the villi facilitate food absorption in the ileum (2 marks)
- transport absorbed food molecules away rapidly - a steep concentration gradient is maintained for diffusion
59
How peristalsis facilitate food absorption in the ileum (2 marks)
- bring digested food molecules into close contact with the villi - keeps a steep concentration gradient for diffusion
60
Why constipation (4 marks)
- lack of dietary fibre which simulate peristalsis - faeces remain in the large intestine for **a longer time** - *large portion of water is absorbed - faeces very hard
61
Why diarrhoea ?
- faeces pass the colon too quickly - smaller amount of water is absorbed - larger portion of water remained
62
Disease of faeces pass the colon too quickly
di/ar/rho/ea
63
Transport of water-soluble molecules
villus → hepatic portal vein → liver → hepatic vein → vena cava → heart → aorta
64
Transport of lipid-soluble molecules
villus → *lymph vessel → heart → aorta
65
What happen if excess amino acid ? (4 marks)
- broken down in liver through deamination - amino group are *removed and converted to u/re/a - release to bloodstream and excreted in urine - remaining part converted to carbonhydrates or lipids
66
Carrot vitamin A
- ca/ro/tene is converted to vitamin A in liver
67
Why bile pigment exist in bile ? (3 marks)
- the liver breaks down old red blood cells and *stores the iron released from the process - used to make new red blood cells - the waste is released
68
How is faece released ?
- Contraction of muscles of the rectum - relaxation of anal sphincter
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