Human Growth & Development

Question 1

What are the 4 categories of human growth and development theories?

Answer 1

1. Learning (behavioral)
2. Cognitive
3. Psychoanalytic
4. Humanistic

Question 2

At what age do most children show signs of self-recognition?

Answer 2

By 24 months (2 years) of age

Question 3

At what age do children have the ability to describe inner qualities?

Answer 3

By around 8 years old

Question 4

Who is responsible for the theory of “blank slate” or “tabula rasa”?

Answer 4

John Locke

Question 5

What are the 4 principal neurotransmitters in the brain?

Answer 5

1. Acetylcholine
2. Serotonin
3. Dopamine
4. GABA (gamma amino butyric acid)

Question 6

Acetylcholine is important for

Answer 6

1. Memory
2. Optimal cognitive functioning
3. Emotional balance and control

Question 7

Serotonin:

Answer 7

1. Affects feelings, behaving, and thinking
2. Critical for emotional and cognitive processes
3. Vital to sleep and anxiety control

Question 8

Dopamine:

Answer 8

1. Emotional wellness
2. Motivation
3. Pleasurable things

Question 9

GABA:

Answer 9

1. Helps reduce anxiety
2. Promotes relaxation and sleep

Question 10

Who developed the hierarchy of needs?

Answer 10

Abraham Maslow (humanistic psychologist)

Question 11

What are the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 11

1. Food/water to
2. Security/safety to
3. Belonging/love to
4. Self esteem/prestige/status to
5. Self-actualization
   From physiological needs to social needs to cognitive needs

Question 12

Behaviorism (John Watson & B.F. Skinner):

Answer 12

Learning and behavior changes are the result of rewards and punishments.

Question 13

Classic Conditioning (pavlov)

Answer 13

Food - salivation, bell - salivation

Question 14

Types of Operant conditioning

Answer 14

1. Positive/negative reinforcement
2. Positive/negative punishment

Question 15

Reinforcement vs Punishment

Answer 15

Refer to chart

Question 16

5 stages of Psychosexual Development (Freud)

Answer 16

1. Oral (0-1)
2. Anal (2 to 3 years)
3. Phallic (3 to 5 years)
4. Latency (6 to 12 years)
5. Genital (12-19 years some say never ends)

Question 17

Reaction formation (over compensating) Anna Freud

Answer 17

expressing a motive or impulse in a way that is
directly opposite what was originally intended.

Question 18

Regression:

Answer 18

retreating to earlier or more primitive (childlike) forms of behavior.

Question 19

Introjection:

Answer 19

the unconscious adoption of the ideas or attitudes of others.

Question 20

Sublimation:

Answer 20

Channeling of unacceptable impulses, thoughts, or emotions into more socially acceptable behaviors.

Question 21

Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

Answer 21

Psychoanalytic theory but psychosocial rather than psychosexual

Reference chart

Question 22

Jean Piaget (cognitive) argued we inherit two tendencies, what are they?

Answer 22

Organization: how we systematize and organize mental processes and knowledge.
Adaptation: the adjustment to the environment

Question 23

What are the two processes within piaget’s concept of adaptation?

Answer 23

Assimilation: seeks to relate new information into old schemas

Accommodation: creating new schemes to accommodate new information that may not fit into existing schemas

Question 24

What are Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

Answer 24

1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete operational
4. Formal operational

Refer to chart

Question 25

Who came up with the theory of moral development?

Answer 25

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 26

What are Kohlbergs three levels between self and society?

Answer 26

1. Preconventional 2. Conventional 3. Postconventional Reference chart

Question 27

Levinson’s three major transitions/times are

Answer 27

1. Early adult transition (17 to 22) 2. Mid-life transition (40 to 45) midlife crisis happens in this stage 3. Late adult transition (60 to 65)

Question 28

Levinson’s 3 sets of developmental tasks in adulthood:

Answer 28

1. Build, Modify, Enhance life structure 2. Form and modify single components of life structure: occupation, love/marriage, relationships 3. Tasks to become more individuated

Question 29

Development occurs in three broad areas. What are they?

Answer 29

1. Physical development 2. Cognitive development 3. Psychosocial development

Question 30

Qualitative vs quantitative development

Answer 30

Qualitative: change in structure or organization (sexual development Quantitative: change in number, degree, or frequency (intellectual development)

Question 31

Continuous vs discontinuous change

Answer 31

Continuous: changes are sequential and cannot be separated easily ( personality development) Discontinuous: changes can be separated which argues for stages (language development)

Question 32

Mechanistic vs organismic

Answer 32

Mechanistic: this is the reduction of all behavior to common elements. (Instinctual or reflexive behavior) Organismic: humanistic approach more than stimulus response. Invoked in use of cognition. Moral or ethical development.

Question 33

Who coined the term emotional intelligence?

Answer 33

Daniel Goldman

Question 34

Propinquity

Answer 34

Nearness or proximity. Example: people are most likely to date someone within close proximity to them.