humans Flashcards

Question

Precocious Puberty

Answer 1

precocious puberty = when you start puberty early -- most cases are between 5-8 year olds - those people would get prescribed a puberty blocker for this and then they stop treatment when normal puberty time and they go thru puberty

Answer 2

Medication to suppress puberty: GnRH agonists - if you block GnRH, you're breaking FSH and LH - if you do this, you're blocking gonadal hormones lots of parts of puberty Primary sex characteristics: - develop early (penis, ovaries) secondary: - appear later in life - ex: breast development, facial hair, etc - puberty blockers tend to block secondary sex characteristics males at birth, can use GnRH agonists to pause/halt development of the body by not releasing testosterone or estrogen

Answer 3

the hypothalamus secretes GnRH which then stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH GnRH Analogue: - if you have high level of GnRH agonist, the GnRH receptors go down - once the receptors go donw, FSH and LH become suppressed so now, you don't have gonadal hormones being released back into the system (estrogen and testosterone not released)

Answer 4

they gave this agonist to people - it pulses testosterone - spike and then it drops - now have longer lasting analogs - the androgen levels drop below castrated levels

Answer 5

hormones affect brain - taking puberty blockers and then taking gender affirming hormones changes the brain ex: if person had testes and had high levels of androgens, you would use puberty blockers to stop that and then they would take estrogen

Answer 6

gender affirming hormone therapy delaying the development of sex characteristics - you pause puberty and then take different hormones - decrease in anxiety and depression when you take gender affirming hormones: -- also lowers suicidal thoughts

Answer 7

high levels of suicide thoughts for trans adolescents - people taking puberty blockers have much lower suicidal thoughts

Answer 8

it lowers anxiety in rats - if you use elevated plus maze and give them puberty blockers, you lower their anxiety - link between anxiety and puberty blockers brain development: - if you pause the brain and take estrogens, you're moving toward feminizing state - events late in life can change brain (moving toward masc or fem if taking hormones) cancer screening: - if you take estrogen (regardless of gender), you're at higher risk for estrogen-related cancer (same for men if you take androgens, they're at higher risk for androgen-related cancer)

Answer 9

puberty blockers reduce bone density -- if you pause bone development, it influences it - trans women have lower bone density than cis women - no fractures or increased risk of bone disease - if you take puberty blocker, then take estrogens, prob interfering with bond development - The estrogens you get after aren't enough to get the bones where they need to be

Answer 10

if sex difference in brain structure, can be sex difference in function - sometimes diff in brain can compensate for the function - to compensate against high levels of androgens vs estrogens, the brain is shaped differently reduce overt differences in function

Answer 11

sex diff in humans: - largest are in gender roles, identity, and orientation cognition: - very small difference --- a lot of cultural influence which causes the difference

Answer 12

hypothalamus: differences there to make difference in fertility (endocrine systems) - in cortex, they don't need differences gender diff: - spatial, mathematical, verbal abilities

Answer 13

looking at rapidly identifying matching items - have to match them ***girls tend to perform faster than males - but the difference in speed is very small - did this for young girls

Answer 14

boys tend to do better on mathematical reasoning - small subset of boys - individual doesn't mean anything

Answer 15

read a paragraph and talk - then recall what words you heard **Girls tend to do better -- this was done in older girls

Answer 16

girls do better on mathematical calculations - quick ones - small differences

Answer 17

look at objects and then idenitify which it matches (mentally rotate them) *boys do better on these

Answer 18

put pegs into small matching holes - girls are faster at this - small precision - gap isn't that big - small fine motor skills

Answer 19

boys do better on throwing and hitting targets - motor skills

Answer 20

metanalyis: - the only thing that was consistent was that boys would throw things and hit targets better culture impact: - boys are encouraged to throw things (like football) men: score a tiny bit better at spatial and large motor skills females: score a tiny bit better on verbal, perception, math calculations, and fine motor skills

Answer 21

males used to attend college more - now it's females - in the past when studies were being done, males attended more

Answer 22

give them paper and pen - there's a big diff in what they draw ***boys draw more moving objects like cars, and girls draw people - this doesn't mean it's hormonal, but could be based on how they were raised

Answer 23

they looked at boys drawing cars - girls drew people - girls with CAH - they tended to draw things that moved more - androgens may alter brain that changes the drawing, but it might not be due to hormones - there's other factors -- maybe the caregivers know they have CAH so they treat them differently (which causes the drawing type)

Answer 24

they found that sex diff still is true - if you identify as a girl, you tend to draw faces cis girls tend to perform like trans girls (same for males) ***you do what the gender you identify with does **hormones can enhance your performance with the gender you perform with - if you identify as a male, and you take androgens, you perform like a male

Answer 25

adolescents who game a lot (12 hrs) - infrequent gamers (less than 9 hours) ***frequent gamers have larger ventral striatums (structures involved in reward - reward center) rodent study: - had rats who mated a lot vs males that didn't - some of the central nervous system changed over time *behavior can influence it

Answer 26

humans had to navigate the maze - they measure brain activity *both males and females performed this task *males tend to use right hippocampus during task -*women tend to use parietal and prefrontal cortices - can have sex diff. in brain - can have them activate differently but output is the same ***this is an example of sex diff in using diff structures, but function is the same (both males and females have completed the task)

Answer 27

females tend to have larger brain regions that connect left and right - males tend to have larger regions that connect up and down study: used fMRIs - found that males have lateralized connections between neurons - females have left to right connections

Answer 28

they looked at brain activity when performing the rhyming task - they found that males tend to favor left side - women activate both sides of brain to do the same task *males are more lateral (one side) and females are more bilateral if you have damage or stroke to left hemisphere, this effects male more (issue with language processing) - females use both sides, so they have backup on right side

Answer 29

*to get this, take the 2nd digit and divide by 4th digit 2/4 - sex diff in finger length - some diff might be because of of testosterone and this happens usually in utero *males tend to have larger 4th digit (the ratio = below 1) - females ratio is usually above 1

Answer 30

the male human hand is usually under 1 - female is usually 1 or higher - in mice they have variations they looked at mouse tissues to see if fingers had androgen receptors in them: ***they found that the 4th digit has more androgen receprtors than the second digit ***so if you have high levels of androgens, it's going to effect the 4th digit more (growth of it) *high in T, low in E, bigger 4th digit

Answer 31

if you measure levels of hormone during pregnancy, people with higher fetal testosterone and lower estrogen move toward male (ratio smaller than 1) - if you have lower testosterone and more estrogen, you moved closer to the female scale (closer to 1 or above 1 ratio)

Answer 32

the study measured 2D:4D ratios - they wanted to see if the ratio is a predictor of sexual orientation *they found (right hand only) - heterosexual males have lower 2D:4D ratios than hetrosexual females - homosexual males have same pattern as heterosexual males - homosexual females had more masculinized 2D:4D pattern

Answer 33

they did follow up stidy with people who had CAH - females with CAH (high levels of androgens) - more masculinized pattern in women with CAH (looks like male pattern) - decrease in 2D:4D ratio in males with CAH

Answer 34

looked at trans females vs. cisgender males ***they found that trans females have a more feminized pattern of 2D:4D ratio - trans males have more masculinized pattern ***2D:4D ratio is more likely with the identity that you identify with (ex: if you identify as male, you likely have masculinized pattern of 2D:4D ratio)

Answer 35

lower 2D:4D ratios are associated with video gaming - these ratios are pretty much decided in utero - doesn't move much after puberty - there must be something in people exposed to high levels of androgens

Answer 36

mental health diagnosis tend to be diagnosed earlier in men - women get diagnosed later in life

Answer 37

males are diagnosed at higher rate than females with ADHD - might be because of expectation

Answer 38

sex diff early in diagnosis - males tend to get diagnosed earlier (after puberty than females) - as they age, females get diagnosed more anxiety: females diganosed more than males (across age)

Answer 39

females diagnosed more than males especially after puberty study on depression and chronic stress: - more studies in males - studies that are using males and females are getting bigger - researchers don't like studying females in rodents because they cycle

Answer 40

higher rates in women (females get diagnosed more for things later in life) - female life expectancy is higher than in males age 65+: larger section where females are diagnosed - women tend to live longer so could be why they get diagnosed later on in life ***women diagnosed more with alzheimers than males - males who get diagnosed tend to survive less and die earlier

Answer 41

age matched brains to see differences - decrease in glucose metabolism is post-menopausal women - increase in amyloid deposition -- when you have too much it causes plaque and if cells can't get rid of it, that's bad - white matter loss - women tend to have this

Answer 42

huge decrease in hormones - ovaries don't produce as much estrogen - testosterone stays high at this age

Answer 43

if you take estrogen early in post-menopausal time period, less reduction in cognition - if you wait to do estrogen treatment, it can increase risk for alzheimers *starting estrogen treatment earlier could be beneficial

Answer 44

showed monkeys images - they showed food behind an image and no food behind another image - there's a delay period and then the monkey has to pick which image had the food so they get the reward *if you increase the delay period, the monkey performs lower - the study used the young and aged monkeys (all were ovexed) and given estrogen or not - if you ovex the aged monkey but gave them estrogen, they performed fine (young ovex and estrogen, young ovex and aged ovex and estrogen, all did around the same) - aged ovex peformed badly

Answer 45

APOE gene is strongest genetic risk factor for late onset alzeihmers - it plays a role in removing beta amyloid out of the brain (plaque and twists)

Answer 46

estradiol increases APOE - APOE increase can cause clearance of beta amyloid out of the brain - without APOE, or varient of APOE, beta amyloid isn't being cleared and then it accumulates which can cause cognition impairment

Answer 47

if you inject estrogen you can see that estrogen increases APOE which clears beta amyloid in the brain ***estrogen increases APOE and decreases beta amyloid

Answer 48

estradiol decreases beta-amyloid accumulation in hippocampus there's low beta amyloid when you ovex them - if you inject estrogen into female, then estrogen decrease the beta amyloid accumulation

Answer 49

there's 3 alleles (variants) - 4 is bad, 3 is neutral, and 2 is good - we have 2 copies of the alleles 1 in 5 people carry at least 1 APOE 4 allele - this increases your risk for alzheimers diseases because it doesn't clear the beta amyloid *a single copy of APOE 4 increases risk for alzeihmers (2 copies really increases risk) - especially for women

Answer 50

they gave antibody that targets the beta amyloid and found that those injected with it showed decrease in placque - cognition performs better - antibody imporves other forms of cognition too - the antibody also decreases Ptau17 *2 markers for alzeihmers disease decreasing (Ptau-17 and beta amyloid)

Answer 51

Alzeihmers is also caused by PTau17 - the 17 region gets phosphorylated so the beta amyloid can bind to it - the tau causes a tangle which leads to cellular death *those who don't have AD don't have accumulation of tangles

Answer 52

people with higher cardiovascular fitness has 88% lower risk of dementia - sleep well - diet well - need blood flow increase of blood flow increases hippocampus volume - mediteranian diet lowers risk of AD sleep: people who sleep better have lower risk for alzheimers - women are at higher risk for sleep-related disorders (not sleeeping increases risk of alzheimers)

humans Flashcards

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