1
Q
Which areas are best suited for grass production?
A
Long growing season with significant rainfall with moisture-retaining soils of high fertiliser status
2
Q
What is rough grazing?
A
Uncultivated, unimproved grassland with no fertilisers, may have poor drainage and steep slopes, good biodiversity
3
Q
Which animals is rough grazing adequate for?
A
Sheep fine, animals for slaughter need higher quality
4
Q
Definition of grassland management
A
Production and utilisation of grasses and other plants species such as clover and lucerne
5
Q
What is permanent grazing also known as?
A
Pasture
6
Q
Definition of permanent grassland?
A
Grass that is maintained without reseeding, at least five years old
7
Q
What % of UK area is rough, permanent and rotational grazing?
A
23, 25, 5
8
Q
How is permanent grassland created?
A
Gradual improvement of rough grazing by improving drainage and application of fertilisers
9
Q
What is an alternative name for rotational grazing?
A
Grass leys
10
Q
What happens if rotational grazing is not re-sown?
A
Reverts to the species mix of permanent grassland
11
Q
What kind of farms is rotational grazing found on?
A
Mixed arable-livestock and dairy
12
Q
What is the grass from young leys best suited for?
A
Silage and feeding to milking cows
13
Q
What are the two types of grass growth?
A
Vegetative (tillering) and reproductive
14
Q
What is vegetative production and when does it occur?
A
New shoots at ground level becoming new plants , occurs during the autumn
15
Q
What stimulates vegetative growth?
A
Defoliation - grazing, mowing and cutting
16
Q
What is reproductive growth and when does it occur?
A
Stem elongation and development of the flowering head in spring and summer
17
Q
When are the most productive pastures grazed?
A
Spring to delay reproductive growth and autumn to stimulate tillering
18
Q
What is the lowest possible and optimal temperature for grass growth?
A
5, 20-25
19
Q
What is an example of a high yielding, low yielding and weed grass?
A
Italian rye grass, meadow grass, yorkshire fog
20
Q
How do you classify grassland?
A
1 good to 5 poor, based on texture (moisture holding capacity) and rainfall between April and September
21
Q
What are the principle nutrients that grasslands require?
A
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur
22
Q
Where is there concern over the use of nitrogen?
A
Nitrogen vulnerable zones
23
Q
What is a sward?
A
Expanse of short grass
24
Q
What the three factors determining the nutritional quality of grassland?
A
Dry matter content, digestibility and energy, protein
25
What is the best way to control sward quality?
Measure the height around the field and take an average
26
Which management decision must be made when controlling grass quality?
Setting stocking rate, putting the right stock on the best fields, extending grazing season, optimizing fertiliser use, using restricted grazing, when to give supplementary feed
27
Why can mixed grazing improve sward quality?
Sheep can graze closer to the ground and stimulate tillering
28
What are some advantages of including clover in the sward?
Increase forage intake, has complementary growth curve, fixes nitrogen to increase fertility, improves soil structure, high mineral content
29
Why is topping swards tightly useful?
Encourages tillering, improves density
30
What are advantages of topping immediately prior to grazing?
Increases dry matter content and intakes
31
What are grass harrows used for?
To remove invasive species and dead material
32
What is set stocking and where is it found?
Livestock have access to one area for the whole season, found in extensive grazing areas like uplands
33
What are advantages and disadvantages of set stocking?
Grass growth in spring becomes mature and wasted, less intense pressure from livestock and reduced poaching, fencing and water troughs kept to a minimum, encourages dense sward rich in clover
34
What are advantages and disadvantages of paddock grazing?
Intensive management, higher capital costs, can accurately match nutritional demands with forage availability, can reduce parasitic worm burden, can use small areas for conservation where grass growth exceeds requirements
35
Where/why is strip grazing used?
When livestock access to larger area would result in trampling and spoiling - in the dairy and beef sector and with beef and sheep where root crops are primary forage
36
When is silage produced and which cut is the most important?
2-3 times per year, first cut in late may is the most important
37
How tall is grass used for silage?
60cm
38
During silage production, what are the names of the lines the grass is cut into?
Swarths
39
Why does lactic acid production stop at pH 4?
Bacteria did
40
What month is hay-making done?
Late june before flowering
41
Why is haylage more popular over hay for horses?
Reduced dust, more palatable (lower acids and higher sugar), higher nutritional value, production less weather dependent
42
Why does increased bale density reduce moulding risk?
Less air trapped
43
What are internal parasites of livestock involved in grassland management?
Roundworms, lung worms, liver fluke
44
What are the intermediate hosts of liver fluke?
Snails
45
What are the intermediate hosts of tapeworms?
Pasture mites
46
What is the gestation of a sheep?
147 days
47
How long before second stage of parturition does ewe separate from flock?
6-12 hours
48
What % of lambs are born in anterior presentation?
95%
49
What is the drug given under the tongue in lambs not breathing?
Dopram
50
What should the navel be sprayed with?
Iodine or oxytetracycline
51
How much colostrum does the lamb need in the first 6 hours?
50ml/kg
52
How much colostrum does the lamb need in the first 24 hours?
200ml/kg
53
Within what time period is the placenta normally shed in sheep?
4 hours
54
What are signs of retained placenta in sheep?
Off feed, raised temperature - need antibiotic cover
55
What is used to dilate cervix in ringwomb?
Calcium borogluconate
56
How can you tell if lambs are dead?
Dry and leathery foetal membranes, foetus crackly and doesn't move
57
What should you do if a lambs temperature is less than 37 for less than 6 hours?
Keep them dry, 50ml/kg colostrum, warm them back up, return to ewe and monitor
58
What should you do if a lambs temperature is less than 37 for over six hours and it's unable to hold its head up?
10ml/kg 20% glucose by intra-peritoneal injection, warm and return to ewe, monitor
59
What should you do if a lamb's temperature is less than 37 for more than 6 hours and it's able to hold its head up?
Feed colostrum, warm and return to ewe?
60
Which part of the ewe should you check if you find a hypothermic lamb?
The udder
61
What are symptoms of twin lamb disease?
Off feed, star gazing, failure to get up when approached, tooth grinding, blindness
62
What is the treatment for suspected pregnancy toxaemia? OR hypocalcaemia?
60ml propylene glycol orally and 50ml of calcium borogluconate 20% by subcutaneous injection
63
From highest to lowest, what is the fat content of sow, goat, cow and ewe milk?
Sow ewe goat cow
64
From highest to lowest, what is the protein content of sow, goat, ewe and cow milk?
Sow, ewe, goat = cow
65
How many litres of colostrum do calves and lambs require in the first six hours?
2 litres, 100 mls
66
Is protein higher is young or mature grass?
Lower in mature, higher in young
67
How is fibre content related to protein content?
Inverse
68
What does high fibre produce in the rumen which raises milk fat?
Acetate
69
What happens to nitrates in the rumen?
Reduced to nitrite
70
Which three vitamins is grass a good source of?
A, E and B
71
After which month does grass quality deteriorate?
June
72
What is fog fever and what causes it?
Interstitial pneumonia (acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and oedema), caused by tryotophan
73
What can clovers and lucernes cause?
Bloat
74
What is alfalfa high in and what can this cause?
Potassium - hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis (impressive syndrome) associated with mutations of voltage gated sodium channels especially in american quarter horses
75
What can fungally spoiled clovers produce and what can this cause?
Oestrogenic compounds (coumestrol) associated with infertility
76
What toxins do brassicas contain?
Nitrates, photosensitisers, haemolytic anaemia factors (S-methylcysteine sulphoxide), oxalates, glucosinolates (goitrogenic factors eg thiocyanates), sulphur and molybdenum
77
What are oilseeds good for and what toxins can they contain?
Good for protein and energy. Cottonseed can contain gossypol causing respiratory problems, linseed blue flowers can contain hydrogen cyanide, rapeseed yellow flowers can contain goitrin
78
What % DM content is needed in grass used for silage?
20%
79
What water content of grass is needed in haymaking?
20%
80
What is used to encourage drying in haymaking?
Crimps, rollers, crushers, tripods, racks
81
What % of beta carotene can oxidation in haymaking remove?
99%
82
Other than beta-carotene, what vitamin level is reduced by haymaking?
Vitamin E
83
What pathogens can poor quality silage/hay carry and what can they cause?
Listeria (abscess, abortion, iritis), aspergillus (mycotic abortion) and actinomycetes (farmers lung)
84
What can be done to straw to increase digestibility?
Alkali treat
85
What can excess concentrates cause?
Acidosis and bloat in ruminants
86
Which species are oats, barley and wheat or maize given to?
Oats to horses, barley to pigs and ruminants, wheat or maize to poultry
87
What is a problem caused by low calcium in cereals?
Poor Ca/P ratio which upsets bone growth, causes osteomalacia and big head in horses
88
What substances are limiting in concentrates?
Methionine in poultry, lysine in pigs and poor in some B vitamins
89
In what conditions are vitamin E levels low in concentrates?
When they are stored wer
90
Why are brassica roots (swedes and turnips) not given at or just before milking?
Can taint milk
91
What problems does light exposure in potatoes cause?
Increase content of solanidines which cause gastroenteritis
92
What age/weight are weaner pigs?
4-8 weeks, 7-20kg
93
What age/weight are grower pigs?
9-14 weeks, 20-50kg
94
What age/weight are finisher pigs?
15-22weeks, 50-100kg
95
What causes post-weaning scour?
E coli causing dehydration
96
What is the minimum age/weight for weaning pigs?
6kg or 21 days
97
What time period is the "immune gap" in pigs?
2-3 weeks
98
What is a good water supply rate for a weaner pig?
1 litre in 180 seconds
99
What should creep feeds contain?
Digestible cooked cereals and milk products, high protein and energy, palatable
100
What is the ideal temperature for pigs?
28 degrees
101
What are the main diseases of weaner pigs?
Scour and meningitis
102
What is feed conversion efficiency?
Amount of feed needed to produce 1kg growth
103
What is daily weight gain in a typical grower-finisher? And what is the genetic potential?
600g per day and 900g per day
104
What are some key performance indicators in pigs?
Weight of pig produced, mortality, feed conversion ratio, daily liveweight gain
105
How much higher than the outside temperature should ventilation be able to raise the temperature by?
3 degrees
106
What should air speed at pig height be?
0.1m per sec
107
What should pig humidity be?
60-80%
108
What % space do pigs need when lying down?
Stretched out plus 40%
109
How much floor space should be visible when pigs are standing?
Half
110
How long should a trough be?
Long enough for all pigs to feed at the same time
111
What is liveweight of fresh pork?
60-75kg
112
What is liveweight of bacon?
100kg
113
What is liveweight of heavy hog?
110kg+
114
What % of a pigs liveweight is its carcase weight? A bacon pig?
70-80%, 75%
115
What is average household spend on poultry in 2010 per week?
£2
116
What was 2012 poultry vs meat consumption per capita?
31.5kg vs 79.3kg
117
What was 2013 per capita consumption of eggs?
185
118
If poultry consumption rate continues increasing, what % production rate increase will be required?
5-16% from current 110 million tonnes
119
How much poultry meat is produced per annum?
1.64 million tonnes
120
How many eggs are produced per annum?
9755 million
121
What is poultry contribution to GDP?
£3.6 billion
122
How many people are employed in the poultry industry?
73900
123
What % of total livestock production is poultry? Eggs?
23 %, 10%
124
Number of broiler chickens?
950 million
125
Number of commercial layers?
33 million
126
Number of turkeys?
19 million
127
Number of ducks?
18 million
128
In 2012 how much poultry was produced?
1.6 million tonnes
129
What is expected growth of poultry industry?
1% per year
130
Average weight of meat bird?
3.7-3.8kg
131
Average weight of egg layer?
1.7-8kg
132
How much feed does a meat bird need for 1kg body weight?
1.5kg
133
What is male:female breeding ratio for chicken breeding?
1 male breeds with 10 females
134
How many years does it take for traits in pedigree chickens to get into production?
5 years
135
How many birds in a standard broiler house?
30,000
136
What % of broiler houses have windows?
90%
137
Age at slaughter for broiler chickens?
33-38 days
138
Bedding in broiler house?
Woodchip or chopped straw
139
Temperature of broiler house when chickens enter and when they leave?
33 to 20 degrees
140
How much time outdoors to qualify for free-range?
50%
141
What age at slaughter for free range broiler chickens?
12 weeks (84 days)
142
What year was battery cage outlawed?
2012
143
Minimum number of birds in caged house?
80
144
What % of turkey production does QBT (quality british turkey) cover?
85%
145
At what age are turkey hens slaughtered and how much do they weigh?
12-14 weeks, 10kg
146
At what age are male turkeys slaughtered and how much do they weigh?
24 weeks, 25kg
147
How many turkeys slaughtered annually?
19 million
148
How many million ducks are slaughtered annually?
18 million
149
What age are ducks slaughtered at?
38-40 days
150
At what age can you not pluck ducks?
50-70 days
151
What breed of duck in the UK?
Pekin
152
How many geese slaughtered annually?
500,000
153
How many weeks is the growth period in geese?
24-30 weeks
154
How many game birds slaughtered per annum?
30 million
155
Common zoonotic diseases of poultry?
Salmonella, campylobacter
156
How wide a field of vision do sheep have?
300 degree
157
How much does a mature ewe weigh?
50-115kg
158
How much can a mature ram weigh?
80-150kg
159
At what age does a sheep get its first pair of permanent incisors?
12-15 months
160
At what age does a sheep get its second pair of permanent incisors?
21 months
161
At what age does a sheep get its third pair of permanent incisors?
27 months
162
At what age does a sheep gets its fourth pair of permanent incisors?
33-36 months
163
What is the minimum age you should castrate a lamb?
24 hours
164
How soon after birth must castration using a ring be done?
One week
165
After which age must open castration in lambs be done by a vet?
Two months
166
When were cats domesticated?
10,000 years ago
167
How many sheep are there in the UK?
32.2 million
168
How many breeding ewes are there in the UK?
15.2 million
169
How many people are employed in the sheep sector? Or allied industries?
33,000, 111,000
170
What is the net benefit of sheep to the UK economy?
£465.9 million
171
What age sheep produces lamb?
Less than 1 year
172
What age sheep produces mutton?
Over 1 year
173
What age sheep produces yearling mutton?
1-2 years
174
Where does the UK rank for its sheep meat production?
11th
175
How much of the EU's total sheep meat production is from the UK?
1/3
176
How many lambs, ewes and rams are slaughtered each year in the UK?
14.7 million, 2.4 million
177
How many tonnes of lamb and mutton were produced each year?
333,000
178
How much lamb and mutton is exported and how much imported?
94,000 tonnes, 138 million tonnes
179
What is the fat content of sheep milk compared to cows milk?
9% compared to 4%
180
How many sheep breeds are there in the world and in the UK?
1,000 world, 60 UK
181
What are some hill breeds?
Scottish blackface, swaledale, welsh mountain, speckleface and cheviots
182
What are some common crossing sire breeds?
Bluefaced and border leicester
183
What breeds are within the upland breeds?
Longwool crossing and longwool ewe
184
What are some terminal sires?
Texel, charollais, suffolk
185
What are some shortwool ewe breeds?
Polled dorset horn, Lleyn and clun forest
186
What are the ram and ewe in a mule?
Blueface leicester and swaledale
187
What are the ram and ewe in a grey face?
Border leicester and scottish blackface
188
What are the ram and ewe in a scottish half breed?
Border leicester and cheviot
189
What are the ram and ewe in a masham?
Wensleydale/teeswater and swaledale
190
What are the ram and ewe in a welsh mule?
Blueface leicester and welsh mountain
191
What are the ram and ewe in a welsh half bred?
Border leicester and welsh mountain
192
What is a terminal sire?
Offspring all sold as meat
193
What are some tail types?
Fat tailed or fat rumped, short or rat tailed
194
What % of breeding ewes are in hill or upland areas?
51%
195
What % of slaughtered sheep come from the lowlands?
66%
196
What month is the ewe put to ram?
Oct
197
What is the definition of a hill farm?
Over 90% rough grazing, steep terrain, 300m above sea level
198
What is stocking rate on hills and lowlands?
Per hectare: less than 1 ewe (hill), 17 ewes (lowlands)
199
How many lambings can hill ewes stand before they are moved to upland flocks and crossed with longwool breeds?
3 or 4
200
Which sheep breeds are found in the uplands?
Hill ewes crossed with upland longwool rams (border and blueface leicester) giving mules, greyfaces and half breds
201
What are some upland breeds?
North country cheviots, clun forest, hill radnor, kerry hill, blueface and border leicester
202
Which terminal sires are used in the uplands to make fat lambs for slaughter or for draft to lowland farms?
Down rams, texel, suffolk, charollais, oxford down
203
What sheep breeds are found in the lowlands?
Dorset horn, kent, romney marsh or suffolk, sometimes texel
204
How do lowland sheep contribute to other farming enterprises?
Improving fertility of grassland and crops by promoting tillering and fertilising), using by-products such as beet tops and straw and using root break crops in a cereal rotation
205
What is the oestrus period of a sheep?
17 days
206
What is the gestation period of a sheep?
147 days (5 months)
207
How many ewes per ram?
40-50
208
How often should you change raddle colour?
7-14 days
209
Which breeds have more than one crop of lambs per year?
Dorset Horn and Finnish Landrace
210
How long are progesterone sponges used for?
12-14 days
211
When do ewe lambs reach puberty?
6-9 months
212
What % adult weight must be reached before lambs can breed?
60%
213
At what stage of gestation in ewes in scanning done?
70-100 days
214
What % accuracy is number of lambs identified to?
90-95%
215
By what % can space allowances be reduced by for winter-shorn sheep?
10%
216
What size groups should pregnant ewes be kept in?
Less than 50
217
How much trough space do hill and lowland sheep need?
30cm, 45cm
218
How much hay and silage trough space does each ewe need?
10-12cm
219
What is flushing of ewes?
Feeding ewes so they gain weight 2 weeks before breeding, may increase ovulation rate
220
What time period does the placenta develop in?
30-90 days
221
When does ewe milk production peak?
3-4 weeks
222
When lambs are 4-6 weeks old, how much nutrient intake do lambs get from their mothers milk?
50%
223
At what age should lambs be started on creep feed? When will they start eating significant amounts of feed?
1-2 weeks, 3-4 weeks
224
When are creep-fed lambs weaned?
Less than 90 days
225
When is castration using rings permitted without anaesthetic in lambs?
Less than 1 week old
226
Above what age must castration be done with an anaesthetic in lambs?
3 months
227
When is flystrike season?
May-September
228
What are the two membranes called in the placental sheep?
Allantochorion and amnion
229
In sheep how long does the first stage of birth last?
6-12 hours
230
How soon is the afterbirth passed in sheep?
3-4 hours
231
How soon should a lamb begin looking for milk?
20 mins
232
Within which time period can antibodies cross the intestinal wall in lambs?
24-36 hours
233
24 hours after birth, what % of their body weight should lambs get in colostrum?
10%
234
For how long should lambs get liquid feed for after they are born?
4 weeks
235
Where does the UK rank as a wool producer?
7th
236
How many tonnes of wool are produced and how much is exported?
60,000 tonnes, 1/3 exported
237
How much money does sheep shearing generate per year?
£10 million
238
How much wool do sheep need before they are turned out in the spring?
15-20mm
239
What are "dags"?
Dried dung stuck to hind of sheep
240
What is a "down breed" of sheep?
A sheep belonging to the short wool group
241
What is a draft ewe?
A ewe too old for hill and upland to moved to gentler ground
242
What is a gimmer/theave?
A female sheep in her second year before she has her first lamb
243
What is hefting?
Hill breeds stay in a small area without fences
244
What is a hogg/hoggett/teg?
A young sheep from the january after its birth until it cuts 2 teeth at 18 months?
245
What is rooing?
Removing fleece by hand plucking
246
What is a shearling?
A sheep that has been shorn once
247
What is a a store?
A sheep not ready for slaughter that is sold for fattening
248
What is a top knot?
Wool from forehead or poll of a sheep
249
What is a wether?
A castrated male sheep
250
How many cattle are there in the UK?
8.89 million
251
How many dairy and beef cows are there in the UK?
1.97 million, 1.86 million
252
How many premises hold cattle in Great Britain? What % are on permanent holdings or grazing common land?
77,774, 97%
253
What % of premises hold more than 500 cattle? How much of the total cattle population does this account for?
3%, 21%
254
What % of premises hold less than 50 cattle, what % of the total cattle does this account for?
50%, 7%
255
How many different cattle breeds are registered in the UK?
95
256
How many pure bred and cross bred cattle are there in the UK?
4 million, 4.8 million
257
For what angle in front of them do cattle have binocular vision?
25-50 degrees
258
What's the flight zone in beef cattle not handled regularly?
100m
259
How far from the calf's body should the umbilical cord be cut?
10cm
260
How much does a HF calf weigh?
40kg
261
What mother:father % split determines a calf's birth weight?
60% mother, 40% bull
262
How much higher is a male calf's birthweight than a female's?
3-5kg
263
How much does a calf's birth weight increase per day?
0.5kg/day
264
How soon after birth should a calf suckle?
3 hours
265
How many times will a calf suckle during the first day? What does this increase to over the next few days?
5 times, 8 times
266
How long does a calf's sucking period last?
2-25 minutes
267
For how long after birth can antibodies pass through a calf's intestinal wall?
24 hrs
268
How soon after birth does a calf's own immune system develop?
10 days
269
What are some recommendations for colostrum feeding in calves?
6 pints in 6 hours, 3 litres in 6 hours, 8% body weight within 12 hours, 2 litres within 2 hours and then a further 2 litres after 6 hours
270
How long must a calf suck for to consume 2 litres of colostrum?
20 mins
271
How soon is meconium usually expelled in calves?
28 hours
272
How soon must cattle have tags in both ears?
20 days
273
How soon must dairy calves have at least 1 tag?
36 hours
274
For how long can rubber ring castration be used in calves?
7 days
275
Over what age must anaesthetic and a vet be used to castrate calves?
2 months
276
Over what age must supernumerary teats on a calf be removed by a vet?
3 months
277
Under what age can calves be disbudded chemically without anaesthetic?
7 days
278
Above what age is debudding done using a hot iron and anaesthetic?
7 days
279
Above what age must calves be housed in groups?
8 weeks
280
What is the minimum temperature a new born calf should be kept in?
7 degrees
281
By what age can a calf withstand temperatures around freezing?
One month
282
How long and wide should a calf pen be?
At least the withers height wide, nose to hip plus 10% long
283
What is the maximum group size calves should be kept in?
12
284
What's the maximum amount of calves that should share the same air space?
30
285
What's the minimum slope for cow housing?
5%
286
At what age are single suckler calves weaned?
9 months
287
How many calves can each nurse cow suckle per lactation?
12
288
What is the weaning age for nurse cows?
8 weeks
289
In the early weaning system, when is the calf taken from the cow?
24 hours
290
In the early weaning system, what is milk volume restricted to and why?
4 litres to encourage them to eat other things
291
From what age is a concentrate mixture offered to early weaned calves?
1 week
292
When does weaning begin in early weaned calves?
5 weeks
293
At weaning, how much concentrate should calves be consuming?
1kg
294
What is the rule for twice per day bucket feeding?
2 litres, 2 times per day from 2 weeks to 2 months
295
Why should milk for calves be warm?
Otherwise groove in rumen doesn't close and milk gets fermented
296
Where does the UK dairy industry rank in the EU? The world?
3, 9
297
What % of the UK's agricultural output does dairy account for?
16.1%
298
How many litres of milk are produced per year?
13 billion
299
How much is the dairy industry worth to the UK?
£3.3 billion
300
How many dairy holdings are there in the UK?
15,716
301
How many litres of milk are produced per year in the UK?
7315
302
Approx how many dairy cows are clinically lame?
1 in 5
303
How soon should a cow be pregnant after calving?
85 days
304
How long in the lactation period in calves?
305 days
305
How long before calving is drying off?
60-80 days
306
How long is a cow's gestation period?
280 days
307
At what age is a heifer old enough to breed?
15 months
308
What is the replacement rate for cows each year?
20-30%
309
What % of their adult weight should heifers reach before breeding and calving? Second calving?
65-70%, 85% then 95%
310
By what age are cattle fully grown?
4 years
311
What is the difference between calving interval and calving index?
Interval is for an individual, index is the herd average
312
What is the voluntary waiting period?
Interval from calving to start of breeding
313
What is the submission rate?
Likelihood eligible cows are bred - number of inseminations in 24 day period / number of cows at or beyond first service rate
314
What is conception rate?
Cows pregnant / total number of services
315
What are some endemic diseases in cattle?
Infectious bovine rhinotrachietis, bovine viral diarrhoea, leptospirosis, campylobacter
316
What % of dairy cows get whites?
20%
317
How long after calving does milk become "whole"?
4 days
318
How does the ideal lactation last?
305 days
319
At what % of the yield of mature cows do heifers peak at? What about second-lactation cows?
70-75%, 90%
320
How soon after calving is peak lactation reached?
4-10 weeks
321
What proportion of total yield is the peak daily yield?
1/200
322
After the peak, how fast does milk production decrease?
10% per month, 2.5% per week
323
In a grass based system, what months do cows graze?
February to late November
324
How many more cubicles should there be than cows?
5-10%
325
If milking frequency is increased from two to three per day, what can yield increase by?
10-12%
326
What is the maximum amount of time a cow should spend in the milking shed?
Two hours
327
What is the pulsation rate of a milking machine?
45 to 65 times per minute
328
What is the ratio of the milking:massage phase?
60:40
329
How long a contact with the dip is needed to kill organisms?
30 seconds
330
How many cups of milk should be left in the udder after milking?
2-4 cups
331
How many tonnes of beef are produced in the UK?
876,900
332
What is the value of the beef produced in the UK?
£2.1 billion
333
What is the import vs output weights of beef in the UK?
Import 292,000 tonnes, export 94,000 tonnes
334
How long do calves from suckler herds suckle for?
7-10 months
335
Are british breeds early or late maturing?
Early
336
Are bulls and heifers early or late maturing?
Bulls late, heifers early
337
Are holstein friesians early or late maturing?
Medium to late
338
In beef suckler calves, how old are calves when they are weaned? What are they called at this stage?
8-10 months, store cattle
339
What age are dairy cattle when they are brought into the beef system?
One week
340
When are beef calves from dairy herds weaned?
8 weeks
341
At what age do beef calves from dairy herds enter the fattening system?
12 weeks
342
At what age and weight are veal calves slaughtered?
14-16 weeks, 180kg
343
What is the killing out % of veal?
Veal
344
What is the growth rate in intensive beef production?
1.4kg/day
345
What is the slaughter age for barley beef?
14 months
346
What's the youngest age calves can go to market?
7 days
347
When can calves travel?
When their navel has healed
348
What kind of cows are most commonly used for 18-month beef production?
Castrated males or heifers
349
What feed is used for 18-month beef production?
Silage and concentrate
350
What kind of cows are used for grass beef production?
Early maturing cattle and heifers
351
What is the yield of a carcase?
Salable meat / carcase weight
352
What's the average UK suckler herd size?
28-50 cows
353
How long do suckler calves suckle for?
7-10 months
354
What % of suckler cows are in the uplands?
40%
355
What % of suckler cows are in wales?
85%
356
What is the calving season length for a suckler herd? What is the actual average?
9-12 weeks, 5 months
357
What % of costs of a suckler herd does feed account for?
75%
358
What has the greatest influence on meat yield of a carcase?
Fat
359
What is a bobby calf?
Calf slaughtered at only a few days old
360
What is a bullock?
Mature castrated male for meat production
361
What is a freemartin?
Female with a male twin (usually infertile)
362
What is a multiparous? Primiparous?
A female that has had two or more pregnancies with viable offspring, primiparous is just one pregnancy
363
What is a stirk?
A half grown animal, heifer or bullock, six to twelve months of age
364
What is a steer?
Castrated male over one year old
365
What are straights?
Single feedstuffs of animal or vegetable origin, can be bought in or grown on the farm?
366
What is a diadromous fish?
Salt and fresh water but mostly salt eg salmon
367
What is a catadromous fish?
Salt and freshwater but mostly fresh eg eel
368
What is the most common food trout?
Rainbow trout
369
What are tilapia fish?
Warm water, will grow in bad conditions
370
What kind of salmon are in the UK?
Atlantic not pacific
371
What is the most common aquaculture system woldwide?
Extensive ponds (get in but can't get out)
372
How many tonnes of salmon are produced per year in the UK?
120,000 tonnes
373
What is the salmon produced in the UK worth?
£300 million
374
What % of the world's salmon is from the UK?
25%
375
What is the table trout industry worth?
£25 million
376
At what age are salmon transferred to the sea for growth?
14-24 months
377
What is the world and UK wholesale value of ornamental fish?
£2,000 million, £16 million
378
What is the UK retail value of ornamental fish?
£203 million
379
How common are fish as a pet?
1st in numbers, 3rd in households
380
What number and % of households keep ornamental fish?
3.5 million (14%)
381
How many fish are imported per year?
300,000
382
How many deer farms are there in the UK?
250
383
How many deer are there on farms in the UK?
33,000
384
What % of farmed deer are red?
77%
385
What are male, female and baby red deer called?
Hind, stag and calf
386
What are male, female and baby fallow deer called?
Doe, buck and fawn
387
How quickly is the deer market increasing?
25-30% per year
388
What are the two UK deer production systems?
Park and farm
389
For farm deer production, when are calves usually weaned?
Autumn
390
What is the gestation period of deer?
236 days
391
What is the conception rate of mature hinds?
90-95%
392
How many hinds can a mature stag rut?
30-40
393
What is the slaughter age for deer?
18 months
394
How much do deer calves cost at 21.5 kg
£105-£110
395
What is killing out % for deer?
60
396
What is wool in llamas/alpacas called?
Fibre
397
What is the llama and alpaca population in the UK?
5,000 and 10,000
398
What are the two alpaca subspecies?
Huacaya (shorter fibre, sharp-tipped ears) and Suri (ringlets, round ears)
399
What is the average UK alpaca herd size?
Less than 10
400
How many different alpaca colours are registered?
22
401
What's the maximum height and weight of llamas?
145cm, 180kg
402
What are the four types of llamas in the UK?
Ccaras (short wooly coat), curaccas (longer wooly coat), tapadas (heavy coat but none on head or legs), laruda (heavy coat everywhere)
403
What phalanges do camelids walk on?
P2 and P3
404
What is unique about the camelid digestive system?
Foregut fermenters but only 3 compartments (C1,2,3)
405
What is stocking density for llamas and alpacas?
2-3 per hectare for llamas, 3-4 for alpacas
406
How high should camelid fencing be?
120cm
407
What diseases should camelids be vaccinated against?
Clostridisl
408
When do female and male camelids reach puberty?
12 months for females, 24 months in males
409
How long is mating in camelids?
20-45 minutes
410
What is the gestation period of camelids?
350 days
411
How much milk does a camelid dam produce at once?
60ml
412
When are cria weaned?
6 months
413
What kind of herbivores are rabbits?
Crepuscular
414
What % of a rabbits diet should be high fibre?
90%
415
Why do rabbits need access to sunlight?
Osteodystrophy - vitamin D3
416
When is rabbit socialisation period?
Between 3 and 7 weeks
417
What kind of herbivores are guinea pigs? Chinchillas?
Diurnal, nocturnal
418
What is the maximum fat a chinchilla should have in its diet?
3.5%
419
What group sizes do syrian hamsters live in? Mongolian gerbils?
Solitary, tribal
420
What should ferrets be vaccinated against?
Canine dystemper
421
What supplementation do budgies need?
Iodine
422
What health problem is common in obese cockatiels?
Type two diabetes mellitus
423
How close should strip lights be to reptile basking area?
20cm
424
What % green leaf material should tortoises have?
90%
425
How often should you replace tortoise supplement?
Every 3-4 months
426
How much body weight does a healthy tortoise lose during hibernation?
1% per month
427
What is the causal agent of taeniasis and cysticercosis?
Taenia solium
428
Where does the UK rank in the EU for pork consumption?
Last
429
How much more pork do people in Austria, Germany, Poland and Spain eat than people in the UK?
2-3x
430
How many pigs are slaughtered in the UK each year?
8 million
431
How many UK abattoirs process pigs?
100
432
What % of slaughterings do the largest 8 abattoirs account for?
75%
433
How much were UK pig meat sales worth in 2011?
£8.7 billion
434
What % of pigs are breeder/finisher, breeder/weaner and finisher?
71%, 21%, 8%
435
Which two pig breeds are the basis of all commercial pigs?
Large white and landrace
436
Which pig breeds are used only in boar lines?
Duroc and pietrain
437
At what age are new gilt first serviced at?
7 months
438
How long is the oestrus cycle of a pig?
21 days
439
How old are piglets when they are weaned?
21-28 days
440
How long between piglets being weaned and female being bred again?
4-7 days
441
What year were gestation stalls banned in the UK? EU?
1999, 2013
442
What is the maximum rainfall for keeping pigs?
760mm
443
What's the maximum height above sea level for keeping pigs?
245m
444
What is the farrowing index and what is a target value?
Litters per sow per year, about 2
445
How many litters should a sow produce in her productive lifetime?
6
446
How many previous oestrus cycles should a sow have before first service?
3 or 4
447
What should a sows body weight be at first service?
130kg
448
How much backfat should a sow have at first service?
20mm
449
How long does oestrus last in pigs?
2-3 days
450
How long before oestrus does ovulation occur in pigs?
36 hours, can be 24-60 hours
451
In pigs, how long must sperm be in tract before fertilisation?
6-8 hours
452
For how long after ovulation are ova viable in pigs?
12 hours
453
How old should boars be at first mating?
230 days
454
When does boar sperm volume reach a maximum and when does it begin to decline again?
18 months, 5 years
455
How long do boar sperm take to develop?
36 days
456
How much sperm per ml in pigs?
0.3x10^9
457
How much semen per ejaculate in pigs?
100-500ml
458
How many sperm needed for fertilisation in pigs?
2x10^9
459
How many times per week can pigs achieve adequate sperm level?
3-4 times
460
How long does ejaculation last in pigs?
5-15 minutes
461
What % of boar sperm is morphologically normal?
85%
462
How many sows per boar in indoor and outdoor herds?
20, 12
463
How many boars in a "team"?
3-4
464
How much extra weight must sows have to compensate for being outdoors?
0.5kg
465
How long before her due date must should sows be moved to farrowing house?
5-7 days
466
How long before farrowing will a sow start to show increased restlessness?
12-24 hours
467
How long before farrowing is milk first present in udder?
8 hours
468
How long before farrowing are bloody fluids expelled from vagina and sow lies down?
2 hours
469
How long does farrowing take?
2-3 hours
470
What is the interval between piglets?
15 mins
471
How soon after birth should piglets get colostrum?
6 hours
472
How soon is teat order established?
24 hours
473
What is milk let-down rate in pigs?
20 seconds every hour
474
At what age should piglets have iron injections and tag/ear notch/tattoo?
5-7 days
475
What % proteins should feed be for the first 10 days after lactating?
18%
476
How many times per day should lactating sows be eating?
2-3 times
477
What water supply should lactating sows have?
1.5-2 litres per minute
478
What temperature should lactating sows be at?
16-18 degrees
479
What is the ideal piglet birthweight?
1.5kg at least
480
What should sows be vaccinated against?
E coli, clostridia
481
What temperature do piglets need?
28-30
482
What should the replacement rate be in breeding pig herds? Why?
40%
483
What are female/male horses under the age of 1 called?
Mare and stallion
484
Where is a microchip placed in a horse?
Crest of neck, left hand side, middle third
485
What information does a horse passport include?
Breed, age, colour, markings and drawings of markings
486
How high is a pony?
14.2 hands high or smaller
487
How tall is a light or sport horse?
Over 14.2 hands high
488
What is the standard length of a hand?
4 inches
489
How tall is a miniature horse?
Less than 38 inches
490
How much can a heavy horse weigh?
Up to 1000kg
491
How much does a riding horse weigh?
450-500kg
492
What is the appetite of a horse?
2-3% of body weight
493
What are the three pairs of incisors in horses called?
Central, lateral, corner
494
How many molars and premolars do horses have?
3 molars, 3 premolars + wolf tooth
495
What age does Galvayne's groove appear?
10
496
What age is Galvayne's groove the full length of the tooth?
20
497
What age does Galvayne's groove fade from the top?
25
498
What age does Galvayne's groove disappear?
30
499
How many million years ago was hyracotherium?
50
500
How many million years ago was mesohippus?
25
501
How many million years ago was hipparion?
8
502
How many million years ago was pliohippus?
4
503
What is the order of evolution of the horse?
Hyracotherium, mesohippus, hipparion, pliohippus, equus
504
How much time do horses spend foraging?
80%
505
What age are horses raced at?
2-3
506
What is the typical appetite of a horse?
2-3% of bodyweight in 24 hours
507
At what age does a horse get its first permanent teeth?
6 months
508
At what age does a horse have all its temporary teeth?
9 months
509
At what age does a horse have a full mouth?
4.5 years
510
At what age does a horse have a full mouth and wear?
6 years
511
When is the official breeding season of thoroughbreds?
15th Feb - 15th July
512
Since when have british thoroughbred foals been microchipped?
2000
513
Which horses mature earliest?
Hot blooded eg thoroughbreds and arabs
514
Why should lower jaw be used to age horses?
Upper teeth wear more slowly
515
Above what age are upper incisors useful for ageing horses?
16
516
How many geese slaughtered annually?
500,000
517
Growth period of geese?
24-30 weeks
518
Game birds slaughtered annually?
30 million
PAM
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