Discovered x-rays
Roentgen (1895)
Xrays of fractures had been obtained and published
1896
He/ They observed movements of the opaque mass in the stomach and subsequently with mixing bismuth subnitrate described the nature & site of peristaltic activity in cats as seen on the fluoroscopic screen
Walter B. Cannon
Published “The Röntgen Rays in Medical Work. New York: William Wood, 1898.”
Walsh
Reproduced a chest film that clearly showed the position and dimension of the heart and described a number of cardiac and aortic conditions that he visualized radiographically
Walsh
The radiograph in Walsh’s book required an exposure time of (1), with the tube only (2) from the radiographic plate
- 20 mins
- 30 inches (76cm)
A published photograph of their original roentgenogram of — clearly showed the potential of the method for visualizing vascular beds
Haschek and Lindenthal
In teaching the anatomy of BVs, the x-rays open out a new and feasible method. The arteries and veins of (1) may be injected with a substance opaque to the x-ray and thus, their (2 may be accurately followed than by any possible dissection
- dead bodies
- distribution
He/ They introduced a suspension of bismuth and oil into the hearts of dogs and rabbits directly through the large veins and observed the passage of droplets from the heart to the lungs
Franek and Alwens (1910)
A radiographic atlas devoted only to the systemic arteries of the body was published in England, “The x-ray atlas of the systemic arteries of the body. London: Balliere, Tindall, and Cox, 1920” by Orrin. The reproductions showed BVs in cadavers with great clarity
1920
His/ Their work represented the next major advance when they used LIPIODOL, an early oil-based CM, to study the bronchial tree and then the spinal subarachnoid space
Sicard & Forestier (1922)
In 1923, they injected (1) of Lipiodol into the (2) of a (3). Next, they repeated the experiment with human subjects in whom they carefully observed the course of the opaque oil from the (4) to the (5). They reported that the patients coughed as the oil reached the lungs but suffered no other ill effects
- 5mL
- femoral vein
- dog
- antecubital vein
- pulmonary capillaries
He/ They reported the 1st arteriogram and venograms obtained in human subjects using 20% strontium bromide (SrBr2)
Berberich and Hirsch (1923)
He/ They described the intraarterial injection of NaI as a means of showing vessels of the LE in humans
Brooks (1924)
He/ They described carotid angiography and its application to the study of cerebral lesions
Moniz et. al.
He/They led us into a new era in the understanding of cardiac function in humans
Andre Cournand and colleagues (Dec 11, 1956 - Nobel lecture)
According to Cournand, cardiac catheterization was performed and so named by (1) in (2). The subject was a (3), and both R & L ventricles were entered by retrograde approach from the (4) and (5)
- Claude Bernard
- 1844
- horse
- jugular vein
- carotid artery
He/ They, having been practiced on a cadaver, inserted a 65 cm into his/ their own antecubital vein until he/they felt that it had reached the R atrium
Werner Forssmann (1928)
He/ They reported 11 right heart catheterizations, including the passage to the R ventricle and measurement of cardiac output using Fick’s principle
Klein (1930)
He/ They reported the right heart catheterization and measurement of cardiac output in 2 subjects
Padillo and coworkers (1932)
Further developments came rapidly in (1) and (2). (3) was first reported Zimmerman and others & (4) in 1950
- 1950s
- 1960s
- Retrograde LEFT heart catheterization
- Limon-Lason and Bouchard
The percutaneous (rather than cut-down) technique was developed and was soon applied to cardiac catheterization of both L & R heart chambers
Seldinger (1953)
He/ They first developed the trans-septal catheterization and quickly became accepted as a standard technique
Ross & Cope (1959)
Procedure used to access the left atrium from the right atrium by creating a small, controlled puncture in the interatrial septum
Trans-septal catheterization
