Hydrocephalus

Question 1

What is hydrocephalus

Answer 1

Accumulation of CSF in ventricles.

With or without ICP

Question 2

Normal CSF circulation

Answer 2

50ml

Question 3

CSF formed in

Answer 3

Choroid plexus in lateral ventricles

Question 4

Travel of CSF

Answer 4

From lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricles by Monro formen
From 3rd to 4th by sylvius formen
From 4th to subarachanoid space by lnuscka and magandi
To dural space by the villi

Question 5

Causes

Answer 5

1. Absolute

2. Relative

Question 6

Relative causes?

Answer 6

Due to brain atrophy and no ICP signs

Question 7

Absolute causes?

Answer 7

1. Obstructive

2. Non obstructive

Question 8

Obstructive causes of absolute?

Answer 8

1. Aqueduct of salivi
2. Atresia
3. Arnold chiri malformation
4. Tumor
5. Toxoplasmosis

Question 9

Cause of Aqueduct of salivi?

Answer 9

1. Congenital atresia
2. Outside obstruction
3. Inside obstruction

Question 10

What is atresia of Aqueduct of salivi?
What is the outside causes?
What the inside causes?

Answer 10

1. Is maybe Sex related recessive Or associated Spina befida
2. Brain Tumor OR Galen vein obstruction
3. Post hemorrhage (premature) OR post Meningitis

Question 11

Atresia causes?

Answer 11

Rest
Formen monro
Formen of lnuscka and magandi due to cerebellum vermis agensis (Dandy Walker malformation)

Question 12

What is Arnold chiri malformation?

Answer 12

Downward of brain stem

Question 13

Non obstructive hydrocephalus causes?

Answer 13

1. Defect in absorption

2. Or secretion

Question 14

Defect in absorption?

Answer 14

1. Subarachanoid space adhesion
2. Dural space thrombosis
3. Leukemia

Question 15

Defect in secretion?

Answer 15

1. Choroid plexus papilloma

2. Choroid plexus congestion

Question 16

C/o?

Answer 16

1. Accelerated enlargement
2. Open fontanels
3. Saprated sutures
4. Scalp vein dilation
5. Macwen sign (percussion on head)
6. Sunset appearance (deviated eyes)
7. Creniotapes
8. Short occipit is Arnold chiri malformation Occipit prominent is Dandy Walker malformation

Question 17

Neurological c/o?

Answer 17

1. Vomit
2. Squint
3. Optic atrophy
4. Motor delay
5. Pyramidal tract defect in the lower limbs
6. Mental retardation

Question 18

C/o in older child?

Answer 18

4 B

1. Brusting headach
2. Bulerd vision
3. Projectile vomitting
4. Bradycardia with hypertension (Cushing response)

Question 19

Diagnosis?

Answer 19

1. Clinical
2. X ray skull
   A. Before closure of sutures and fontanels
   Craniofacial disproportionation with cranium
   B. After closure
   Beaten silver appearance (wide Sella)
3. CT MRI diagnostic
4. U/S

Question 20

How to know the type?

Answer 20

A. CT MRI
B. Lumber and ventricles Manometry
C. CSF : xanthochromia

Question 21

Treatment?

Answer 21

A. Medical by Acetazolamid or Frusmide
If not respond go to shunt
Drew back due electrolytes and PH disturbance

B. Surgical
1. Choroid plexectomy
2. Diathermy for choroid papilloma
3. Extra crenial shunt
  A. Ventriculoperitoneal
  B. Ventriculoplural
  C. Ventreculoartial

Question 22

Complications of surgery?

Answer 22

1. Infections by epidermis
2. Nephritis
3. Obstruction
4. Shorting of the patient

Question 23

What is macrocephaly?

Answer 23

H. C > 2 SD

Question 24

Causes of macrocephaly?

Answer 24

A. Crenial

B. Intracranial

Question 25

What is the crenial causes of macrocephaly?

Answer 25

1. Constitutional 2. Famillial 3. Achondroplasia 4. Anemia 5. Rickets

Question 26

What is the intracranial causes of macroocephalus?

Answer 26

1. Hydrocephalus 2. Hydrancephly (abscent hemisphere) 3. Tumor 4. Megalencephaly A. Cretinism B. Storage disease (mucopolysachridosis) C. Famillial