Hypotheses, Experiments and Data

Question 1

Correlational studies

Answer 1

observing what naturally goes on in the world without directly interfering with it

Question 2

Longitudinal studies

Answer 2

data comes from people at different age points, with different people representing each age point

Question 3

Experimental studies

Answer 3

one or more variable is systematically manipulated to see their effect (alone or in combination) on an outcome variable. Statements can be made about cause and effect.

Question 4

Cause

Answer 4

• the producer of an effect
• can be a person, object, situation or event that can result in something
• will in a way explain the reason why the effect happened in the first place
• naturally precedes an effect

Question 5

Effect

Answer 5

• produced by a cause
• the result of the actions of the cause or the outcome of some chain of events that have happened
• will always follow a cause

Question 6

Simple hypothesis

Answer 6

• one in which a relationship exists between two variables
• one independent variable and one dependent variable
• eg. smoking leads to cancer

Question 7

Complex hypothesis

Answer 7

• one in which a relationship among variables exists
• more than two of both independent and dependent variables
• smoking and other drugs lead to cancer, tension, chest infections etc.

Question 8

Empirical hypothesis

Answer 8

• one which is applied to a field
• during the formulation it is an assumption only but when it is put to a test it becomes an empirical or working hypothesis

Question 9

Null hypothesis

Answer 9

• is contrary to the positive statement of a working hypothesis
• there is no relationship between the dependent and independent variables
• it is denoted by ‘HO’

Question 10

Alternative hypothesis

Answer 10

• firstly many hypotheses are selected then among them select one which is more workable and efficient
• that hypothesis is introduced later due to changes in the old formulated hypothesis
• it is denoted by ‘HI’

Question 11

Logical hypothesis

Answer 11

• the hypothesis is verified logically

- agreement, disagreement, difference and residue

Question 12

Statistical hypothesis

Answer 12

• can be verified statistically

- the statement would be logical or illogical but if statistics verify it, it will be a statistical hypothesis