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Question 1

Preventive medicine can be categorized as three things, what are they?

Answer 1

1. Primary - aims to remove / reduce disease risk factors
2. Secondary - promotes early detection of disease
3. Tertiary (prevention) - aimed at limiting the impact of established disease

Question 2

Complete the sentence

Diagnoses of pneumonia should be confirmed by ____

Answer 2

Chest X-ray (CXR)

Question 3

Short for?

POCUS

Answer 3

Point Of Care Ultrasonography

Question 4

Explain

Dyspnea

Answer 4

Feeling short of breath

Question 5

Short for?

ABG

Answer 5

Arterial Blood Gas

Question 6

Explain

Spirometry

Answer 6

Lung function test that measures the amount of air a patient can breath in and out + the duration of the exhale

Question 7

Explain

Lactic acidosis

Answer 7

A condition where lactic acid (a byproduct of a normal metabolism) build up in the bloodstream, leading to a dangerous drop in blood pH

Question 8

Explain

Hypoxemia

Answer 8

When oxygen levels are lower than normal

Question 9

Explain

Hypercapnea

Answer 9

A condition where there’s an abnormally high amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood

Question 10

Define

Emergent

Answer 10

In the process of becoming prominent

Question 11

True or False

A delirious or obtained patient with obstructive lung disease warrants immediate measurment of ABGs to exclude hypercapnia and the need for intubation, regardless of oxygen saturation

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Explain

NT - probBNP

Answer 12

N - terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide

A protein released by the heart when it’s under stress or when the heart muscle stretches due to fluid overload

Question 13

Explain

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

Answer 13

Temporary weakening of the heart’s muscle, mimicing a heart attack, usually triggered by an emotional or physical stress

Also known as stress cardiomyopathy or broken heart syndrome

Takotsubo is named after a Japanese octopus trap, because of the resemblance of the heart in imaging

Question 14

Explain

Pneumothorax

Answer 14

“Collapsed lung” occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall

This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse

Question 15

Explain

Intracardiac shunt

Answer 15

An abnormal opening / connection within the heart that allows blood flow between chambers / vessels that bypasses the normal circulation

This can lead to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, potentially causing various health problems

Question 16

Explain

Pleural effusion

Answer 16

Accumulation of excessive fluid around the lungs (pleural space)

Question 17

Explain

Diffusive alveolar hemmorage (DAH)

Answer 17

A serious condition where there is bleeding into the air sacs (alveoli) of the lung, this is life treathening

DAH is not a disease itself, but a manifestation of various conditions

It results from a damaged alveolar-capillary membrane, which separates the air and the blood in the lungs

Question 18

Explain

Methemoglobinemia

Answer 18

A condition where there’s an elevated level of methemoglobin in the blood (a form of hemoglobin that can not bind to oxygen)

This leads to a reduction in the body’s oxygen-carrying capacity, which can lead to a range of symptoms depending on the severity and underlying cause

Question 19

Explain

Pulmonary hypertension

Answer 19

High blood pressure in the blood vessels that supply the lungs (pulmonary arteries) - A serious condition that can damage the right side of the heart

The walls of the pulmonary arteries become thick and stiff and can not expand as well to allow blood trough

Question 20

Explain

Enzyme

Answer 20

Proteins that help speed up metabolism or the chemical reactions in our bodies without being consumed

• Enzymes are crucial for many bodily functions incl; digestion, blood clotting & growth
• They work by binding to substrate molecules at an active sight, facilitating a specific chemical reaction

Digestive enzymes like; amylase, lipase & protese help break down food, while lactase & sucrase break down specific sugars

Most enzynmes are proteins, made of linked Amino Acids

Enzymes function best under specific conditions eg. temperature, pH and usually each enzyme typically catalyzes to only one type of reaction, or a small group of similar actions

Question 21

Explain

Amino Acids (AA)

Answer 21

Organic compounds that are the building blocks of protein
* AA are linked together to form polypeptide chains, wich fold into specific 3-dimensional structures to create protein

AA contain both an Amino group (-NH2) & a Carboxyl group (-COOH), along with a unique organic side chain (R-group) that distinguishes each AA

Question 22

Define

Creatine

Answer 22

Compound that comes from 3 Amino Acids (AA)
* Mostly found in muscles and brain
* Supplies energy to your muscles
* Creatine can be found in milk, steak & some fish

Question 23

Explain

Hemoptysis

Answer 23

Coughing blood from lungs

Question 24

Explain

Decubitus position

Answer 24

Lying down

Question 25

What is the use of **antifibrinolytic** drugs?

Answer 25

To reduce or prevent excessive bleeding by inhibiting *fibrinolysis*, the natural process of breaking down blood clots

Question 26

# Explain Vasopastic angina

Answer 26

Chest pain (angina) caused by a temporary spasm of the coronary arteries (blood vessels that supply the heart muscle) | Typically occurs at rest

Question 27

# Explain Esophageal perforation

Answer 27

**A hole or tear in the esophagus**, this allows fluids and food to enter the chest cavity, potentially causing *mediastinitis* (infl.of the chest cavity) ## Footnote Can be caused by a medical procedure, foreign object, trauma or severe vomiting

Question 28

# Explain Artherosclerosis

Answer 28

**Buildup (plaque) of fats, cholesterol & other substances in and on the artery walls** * This plaque can cause the arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow * Can also burst, leading to a blood clot

Question 29

# Explain Familial hypercholesterolemia

Answer 29

**Genetic disorder that causes very high levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, aka "bad cholesterol" in the blood** * Can lead to a higher risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart attacks * Typically caused by a mutation in a gene that helps the body remove LDL cholesterol from the blood

Question 30

# Explain Metastasis

Answer 30

Cancers are malignant neoplasms which are not encapsulated. Their cells tend to divide, grow & travel to adjacent and distant sites where they form secondary cancers -- Metastasis

Question 31

Where do the most common neoplasms (tumors) originate from?

Answer 31

From the Epithelial Cells ## Footnote Most cancers originate in the epithelium of the skin, breast, colon, lung & prosate

Question 32

How do Benign Neoplasms usually behave?

Answer 32

They occur locally, are encapsulated & slow growing

Question 33

How do cancers often spread?

Answer 33

In direct contact with adjacent tissues or via the blood / lymphatics | Many cancers grow rapidly and consume most of the body's nutrients

Question 34

# Fill the sentence Epithelial cancers are termed as .... ?

Answer 34

Carcinomas | These tumors may be benign or malignant ## Footnote Before becoming cancerous tumors usually undergo a change as dysplasia or metaplasia

Question 35

# Define Dysplasia

Answer 35

Abnormal development

Question 36

# Define Metaplasia

Answer 36

Abnormal development

Question 37

# Define Osteoporosis | (Porous bone)

Answer 37

Most common bone disease resulting from an imbalance between bone resorption & bone formation - this places bones at great risk for fracture

Question 38

How does avascular necrosis occur?

Answer 38

Loss of blood supply to the epiphysis / other portion of bone, often occuring at a fracture site

Question 39

# Define Osteoarthritis

Answer 39

The progressive loss of articular cartilage & failure of repair ## Footnote Can affect any synovial joint but is most common in the feet, hips, spine & hands. Once the articular cartilage is degraded & lost, the exposed bone (subchondral-beneath the cartilage) rub against eachother causing significant pain

Question 40

# Define Bursitis

Answer 40

Secondary inflammation of the bursa | Painful & can lead to increased synovial fluid in the bursa ## Footnote As muslces pass over a joint, their tendons are cushioned by a fibrous sack - **bursa**

Question 41

# Define Muscle atropy

Answer 41

"Wasting" of muscle tissue that may result from immobilization or a disorder of the muscle itself (muscle tears, rupture of tendon, decrease in blood supply, myocardial infarction or loss of innervation)

Question 42

What are cortical regions ?

Answer 42

Distinct areas of the brain's cerebral cortex ## Footnote Specialized for different functions such as processing sensory information (visual, auditory, somatosensory), controlling voluntary movement, and performing higher-level cognitive tasks (association areas)

Question 43

What can cause damage to the cortical regions ?

Answer 43

Vascular lesions such as infarcts & hemmorage

Question 44

What is **ischemia** ?

Answer 44

Lack of sufficient blood flow

Question 45

What is **anoxia** ?

Answer 45

Lack of oxygen

Question 46

What is **expressive aphasia** ?

Answer 46

Impaired motor speech function

Question 47

What is **receptive aphasia** ?

Answer 47

Impaired understanding of spoken language

Question 48

What is **global aphasia** ?

Answer 48

All speech & communication are impaired