what cells are found in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
macula densa
JG cells
what are the sensors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
JG cells
macula densa
what is the effector in juxtaglomerular apparatus
renin in JG cells
what are JG cells
modified smooth muscle cells
what does the JG cells sense
pressure in the afferent arteriole
what does the macula densa sense
NaCl concentration in the tubules
what happens with the JGA when BP falls
renin released which helps convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1. Ang 1 is converted to Ang 2 by ace.
ang 2 increases resistance and reabsorption of h2o and salt in the kidneys –> increase in bp
ang 2 also stimulates adrenal glands to release aldoesterone which increase salt and water reabsorption to increase blood volume leading to higher CO and thus higher BP
what predisposes to primary htn
heart : symathetic overdrve
increased resistance of arteries and arterioles
kidneys
obesity
what can htn lead to
heart failure
eye issues
kidney failure
strokes
how can htn lead to those conditions
damage to blood vessels via atherosclerosis, thrombosis, aneurysms
what is circulatory shock
when arterial presuure is insufficient to maintain perfusion
what are the types of circulatory shock
hypovolemic
cardiogenic
obstructive
distributive
what is hypovolemic shock
due to decrease in fluids –> decrease CO hence drop in BP
what is cardiogenic shock
when the heart fails –> leads to fall in BP
what is obstructive shock
clots and thrombus which obstruct blood flow
what is distributive shock
btwn which 2 components is used to measure arterial pressure
aortic valve and arterioles
what is stroke volume
vol of blood pumped by left ventricle per beat
what is cardiac output
vol of blood pumped by left ventricle in 1 minute
what forces exert outward force
interstitial colloid pressure
capillary pressure
what forces exert inward force
colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)
the heart builds up pressure during the
isovolumetric ventricular contraction phase
the closure of ___ valves signal start of ventricular systole
tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid)
what are the causes of edema
increase venous pressure
decreased lymphatic flow
increased capillary permeability
decreased oncotic pressure
