IC2

Question 1

What does blood consist of?

Answer 1

Plasma, WBC, RBC

Question 2

What is Pernicious anaemia caused by

Answer 2

Lack of vit B12/ intrinsic factor

Question 3

Types of anemia

Answer 3

Nutritional, renal, aplastic, haemorrhage, malaria, sickle cell, erythroblastosis fetalis

Question 4

Causes of polycythemia (excess RBC)

Answer 4

• Primary: tumour in bone marrow
• Secondary: erythropoietin-induced, adaptive mechanism to improve oxygen carrying capacity of blood e.g. in high altitude
• Other: dehydration

Question 5

different types and causes of stroke

Answer 5

1) Haemorrhage (caused by blood vessel rupture in brain)
2) Ischemic stroke (caused by clot in cerebral blood vessel)

Question 6

Is fibrinogen a protein?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

Is platelet a complete cell?

Answer 7

No, it is a cell fragment

Question 8

How to find haematocrit

Answer 8

RBC/ total blood volume

Question 9

1 RBC transports around ____ O2 molecules

Answer 9

10^9

Question 10

Is heme a protein?

Answer 10

No, it is a pigment

Question 11

Each Hb molecule can transport _____ molecules of O2

Answer 11

four

Question 12

Hb bound to CO2 is known as Deoxyhemoglobin (T/F)

Answer 12

False. It is known as carbaminohemoglobin

Question 13

Place of erythropoiesis: < 5 y/o

Answer 13

All bone marrow

Question 14

Place of erythropoiesis: 5 - 20 years

Answer 14

bone marrow in ribs, sternum, vertebrae, proximal ends of long bones.

Question 15

Place of erythropoiesis: > 20y/o

Answer 15

bone marrow in ribs, sternum, vertebrae

Question 16

Erythropoiesis is Controlled by____ which is produced in the _____.

Answer 16

Erythropoietin; kidney

Question 17

Erythropoietin release and RBC production are regulated by _____.

Answer 17

tissue oxygenation

Question 18

Erythropoietin release by the kidneys is triggered by?

Answer 18

• Low RBCs
• Low O2
• Incr tissue demand for O2
• Reduced blood flow to kidney

Question 19

Erythropoietin is secreted by the kidneys only. (T/F)

Answer 19

False, it is 90% secreted by kidney & 10% by liver

Question 20

Why do men have higher RBC count than women?

Answer 20

Androgen (found in men) enhances erythropoiesis

Question 21

______count is indicative of erythropoiesis.

Answer 21

Reticulocyte (pre-RBC)

Question 22

Destruction of RBC: what happens to iron?

Answer 22

Stored in liver, or reused in bone marrow

Question 23

Destruction of RBC: what happens to globin?

Answer 23

Globin is metabolized into amino acids and is released into the circulation

Question 24

What determines blood viscosity

Answer 24

RBC concentration

Question 25

Corpuscular means ____

Answer 25

RBC

Question 26

High red cell distribution width indicates ___

Answer 26

Anaemia (due to variation in sizes of RBC)

Question 27

Leukocytosis mean high/ low WBC?

Answer 27

High; opposite of leukopenia (low WBC)

Question 28

Difference btw leukemia and lymphoma

Answer 28

Both are cancers of WBC, but leukemia is located in blood while lymphoma is located in lymphatic system

Question 29

Do platelets contain nucleus and ogranelles?

Answer 29

No nucleus, but have organelles

Question 30

Which factor is the fibrin stabilising factor?

Answer 30

factor XIIIa (13a)

Question 31

Role of factor XIIIa

Answer 31

Forms cross-links btw fibrin strands, thereby reinforcing fibrin mesh

Question 32

Role of thrombin

Answer 32

- Activates factor XIII into XIIIa - Converts fibrinogen into fibrin

Question 33

What converts prothrombin into thrombin?

Answer 33

Factor Xa, with presence of Ca2+ and factor Va

Question 34

Extrinsic pathway: What happens after tissue damage?

Answer 34

Damaged tissue releases tissue factor/ plasminogen which activates factor VII into factor VIIa

Question 35

Intrinsic pathway: order of coagulation cascade (clotting factors)

Answer 35

Factor 12,11,9,10

Question 36

Calcium is factor ___

Answer 36

IV

Question 37

Thrombin is factor ___

Answer 37

IIa

Question 38

Most clotting factors are derived from the ___

Answer 38

liver

Question 39

______, a prostaglandin produced by intact endothelial cells, inhibits platelet activation and limits spread of blood clotting

Answer 39

Prostacyclin

Question 40

How does fibrinolysis occur

Answer 40

Surrounding tissue and vascular endothelial cells release tissue plasminogen activator -> cleaves plasminogen (trapped in clot) to plasmin Plasmin digests fibrin, dissolving the clot. Macrophages remove remains of clot.

Question 41

What is haemophilia? Which gender is more prevalent?

Answer 41

Excessive bleeding after injury; Men as it is a X-linked condition

Question 42

Which hemophilia (A-C) is the most prevalent, and what is it caused by?

Answer 42

A; deficiency in factor VIII (8)

Question 43

Haemophilia B is caused by deficiency of factor ____

Answer 43

IX

Question 44

Haemophilia C is caused by deficiency of factor ___

Answer 44

XI

Question 45

Cause of Thrombocytopenia

Answer 45

damage / destruction of bone marrow

Question 46

Treatment for thrombocytopenia

Answer 46

Treated with fresh whole blood transfusions or platelet transfusions.

Question 47

PTT is known as ___

Answer 47

partial thromboplastin time

Question 48

PTT is used to monitor ____therapy

Answer 48

heparin

Question 49

PT (prothrombin time) is used to monitor ___ therapy

Answer 49

Warfarin

Question 50

PTT measures efficacy of the _______

Answer 50

intrinsic and the common coagulation pathways

Question 51

PT measures efficacy of the ______

Answer 51

extrinsic and common pathways

Question 52

Factors included in PPT

Answer 52

Factor 1,2,5, 8-12

Question 53

Factors included in PT

Answer 53

Factor 1,2,5, 7&10

Question 54

INR formula

Answer 54

Ratio of patient PT to the PT of a healthy person