5 cardinal signs of inflammation
- dolor
- calor
- rubor
- tumor
- loss of function
cells involved in acute inflam
neutrophil polymorphs
cells involved in chronic inflam
marcophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells
what is acute inflam
the inital response to tissue injury characteried by presence of neurtophils polymorphs
5 causes of acute inflam
- microbial infectio - bacteria and viruses
- physical - trauma, heat, cold
- bacterial toxins
- hypersensitivity - parasites
- infarction and ischaemia
what are the actions of neutrophils in acute inflammation
- migration - movement of neutrophil polymorphs towards the endothelial lining of a blood vessel
- adhesion - the adhesion and pavementation (rolling) of neutrophils along the BV of venules and veins
- emigration - the movement of nuetrophils out of the bv into the extracellular space
- diapedesis - passive movement of rbc out of vessels into vessel wall or extracellular fluid
describe mechanism of acute inflam
- incr in vascular permeability causing vasodilation
- Fluid exudate - movement of protein rich fluid out of vessels
- Cellular exudate - movement of neutrophils out of the vessels
what are the 4 results of acute inflam
- resolution - complete restorment of normal tissue
- supporation - formation of pus
- organisatoin - formation of granulamatous inflammation - this occurs always in cardiac tissue and neurones (never resolution)
- progression - to chronic infalmmation
which tissues/ cells never resolove after acute inflam
cardiac tissue and neruones
what is chronic inflam
- the prolonged and subsequent response to tissue injury
what are 5 primary causes of chronic inflam
- primary granulamatous conditions - crohns and sarcoidosis
- necrotic tissue and bone
- exogenous material eg abestos
- immune resistant organisms eg TB, leporsy
- autoimmune - rheumatoid arthritis and hashimotos thyroiditis
how does chronic inflam appear histologically
- granulamatous inflam
- fibrotic tissue
- ulcers
abcesses
what is a granuloma
agregates of epitheloid histocytes
what do all granulomas secrete
ACE
what is caseating granuloma and example
granuloma with a necrotic core eg tb, leprosy
what is non-caseating granuloma and examples
granuloma without a necrotic core eg crohns, vasculitis, and sarcoidosis
how can you histologically tell a parasitic infection
granuloma with eosinophil
granuloma and eosinophil =
parasitic infection
example of acute inflam -> chronic
hepatitis B/C
osteomyelitis
what is hyperplasia
incr in cell numbers due to mitosis (not cardiac tissue and neurones)
example of hyperplasia
benign protatic hyperplasia
what is hypertrophy
incr in cell size without cell divison
2 examples of hypertrophy
muscles of athletes
uterine smooth muscle in pregnancy
what is atrophy
decr in organ or cell size due to reduction in cell size and/or number
