ethnicity vs. race
ethnicity- culture of people in geographic region( language, religion, customs)
Race- based on physical charecteristics
uprooted vs transplanted
transplanted- not passive recipients of change, but activoy participated in economic opertunities shaping their enviornment
uprooted- refers to passive participation- hard to adapting to new culture
Assimilation vs accultration
assimilation- adopting economic, social, cultural norms ( seen during migration when immigrants would take less foriegn names)
accultration- not only do changes occur in the immigrants cultural identity but the reciveving culture as is influenced
chain migration and ethnic clustering
chain migration- often times men would establish themselfs in a new country then sponsor faimily coming over
- chain migration inpart led to ethinc clustering
- ethnic clustering served as a center for cultural preservation
Family economy and Child labor
19th- 20th centries
- children were a part of teh family economy and woudl work along side praents in factories
- daughters would have to hand over pay checks to father
manifest destiny
- beliefe americans were destined by god to expand across continental us
- lead to conflicts with the natives, chinese
- conflict with mexican americans whcih eventualy lead to treaty of guadalupe
treaty of guadalupe
1848
- annexation of northern mexico
- option for mexicans to choose citizen ship status
- respected property from prior to treaty
- shaped demographic landscape and legal status of mexican residents
Know nothing party
- in reaction to the irish (potato famine)
- started in secret hence the name
- imigrants out of mainstream/ not wanted
Nativism
- favors interests of established inhabitants over immigrants
- present on suspicions of catholics/ global church hirearchies/ pope
- influenced chinese exclusion act and anti- catholic sentiment
Reconstruction amendments (13.14.15)
-1865,68,70 (post civil war)
- 13th abolished slavery and indentured servitude
- 14th citizen ship to people born or naturalized in US
- 15th prohibits denial of right to voting based on race, color, or previous servitude
Ku Klux Klan
- 1st itteration after math of civil war
- trys to prevent african americans from gaining citizenship benifits
- also included immigrants, Catholics, Jews
Birhtright citizenship
- estabished in the 14th amendment
- embodies ideal of inclusiveness
- shapes conversations around discusion of immigration
naturalization
- process in which immigrants become citizens
- initaily only white male property owners were eligiable
- asians and other inigrants had limited rights for property ownership, representation in courts, public employment and voting
chinese exclusion act
1882
- restricting volentary migration to us ( set tone for a centry of asian exclusion)
- preveneted more chinese from migrating and denied access to citizen ship
- embolded discrimination in the work place as well
return migration
- refers to individuals moving back to homeland
- influenced by possible economic opportunites or kinship ties
- 20th century impact on southern reshaping as jim crow era faded for ecomomic opertunities
race suicide
- not reproducing at a fast enough rate ( used a lot in 19th and 20th centries)
- have to have babies forced birth rates
- Native or of older immigrant stock brith rates declining compared to newer immigration pops
scientific racism
- based in pseudoscience
- 17th -20th
- used to justify discriminatory practices
madison grant and the passing of the great race
-1914 during time of scientific racism
- classify groups of white people in hirarchical manner
- 3 groups (nordic, southern and eastern european inferior)
- influenced the immigration act of 1924
eugenics
-pseudoscience related to scientific racism and social darwinism
- 19th 20th century
- belief that through selective breading and setilization the genetic quality of a human could be improved
- shaped immigration act of 1924
100% americanism
- singular american identity no hyphenated nationalities/ pushed for assimilation
- emerged arounmd wwI
- belife that having different identies would lead to division
national origins act
aka- immigration act 1924
- established quotas for immigration from specific countries
- reduced overall imigration and favored northern and western europeans
- rooted in nativist and anti-imigrant sentiments
first wave migration
1820-1850
- irish and german
- know nothing party formed in response
- fear of catholic church
second wave migration
19th century
- southern/ eastern europe and asia
- anti chinese
- certain groups wanted literacy tests to limit immigration
