What are four reversible things that can happen to a cell during ischemia?
- Low amplitude swelling
- Loss of glycogen
- RER fragmented
- Fatty change
What is low amplitude swelling?
Mito’s innermembrane gets full of fluid.
What causes glycolysis in ischemia?
Glycogen is broken down bc there is no OxPhos. Lots of lactic acid is produced bc none of the glucose can go towards OxPhos.
Why does the RER fragment?
No protein, can’t make proteins. Ribosomes detach.
What are some fatty changes brought on by ischemia?
Apolipoprotein isn’t being made anymore, TAGs accumulate in the cells creating large vacuoles.
What is pyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis?
- Pyknosis: condensing of nucleus
- Karyorrhexis: fragmentation of nucleus
- Karyolysis: degradation of nucleus
What are four histological characteristics of necrosis?
- Nucleus degradation (pyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis).
- Increased acidophilia
- Glassy or moth eaten cytoplasm
- Calcification
What’s the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Apoptosis: programmed cell death, cell shrinkage, apoptotic buds are released which are quickly phagocytosed, does not illicit an inflammatory response.
Necrosis:
What are 6 fxns of the skin?
- barrier to loss of water and invasion to microorganisms
- protection from mechanical trauma
- protection for UV rays
- thermoregulation
- sensation
- behavioral influences
Where is thick skin found? What are some characteristics?
Palms of feet and hand. No hair. 800-1400microns thick. This refers to epidermis only.
What is thin skin? Where is it found?
Skin not on palms of feet/hands. Can have hair. 70-120microns. This refers to epidermis only.
What are the six strata of the epidermis?
- Disjunctum
- Corneum
- Lucidum
- Granulosum
- Spinosum
- Basale
What are four ways that the epidermis and dermis stay attached?
- basal plasma is plicated (has microprojections)
- hemidesmosomes
- basal keratinocytes have integrin proteins which being to ECM of dermis cells
- anchoring fibrils of type VII collagen
What are the three types of antimicrobial peptides produced by humans on their skin?
- Cathelicidin
- Defensins
- Dermcidin
Eccrine Glands
- help with thermoregulation via sweat.
- highest concentration in palms, soles, armpits and forehead
Apocrine Glands
- scent glands in mammals other than humans.
- found in anogenital region, armpits, eyelinds, external auditory meatus
- bigger than eccrine glands (tubes are thicker)
Sebaceous Glands
- like apocrine, remain associated with hair follicles
- duct opens into neck of hair follicles
- respond to androgenic stimuli and inhibited by estrogen
- secretes waxy esters, glycerides and FAs
- holocrine mode of secretion
-
Pharmacology39
-
Genetics40
-
Anatomy: Axilla/Pectoral16
-
Anatomy: Hand8
-
Anatomy: Back8
-
Genetics 231
-
Genetics 326
-
epigenetics16
-
Anatomy: Heart12
-
Anatomy: Mistakes, Test I30
-
Anatomy: Mediastinum7
-
Molecular Biology I40
-
CTCS Quiz 251
-
CTCS Quiz 333
-
metabolism 16
-
Metabolism 254
-
CTCS Quiz 336
-
CTCS Quiz 4: Embryos27
-
CTCS Quiz 4: Signaling17
-
Metabolism23
-
IIIR 117
-
IIIR247
-
IIIR3a43
-
IIIR3b45
