Student example: Why does professional communication require structure?
A class presentation without a clear outline confuses classmates and weakens the message.
Business example: Why does professional communication require structure?
A manager presents a project without structure, so executives cannot identify priorities and delay the decision.
Student example: What happens when stakes increase but structure does not?
A student improvises during a final oral exam and becomes unclear, resulting in a poor grade.
Business example: What happens when stakes increase but structure does not?
A company announces layoffs without clear explanation, causing panic and distrust.
Student example: Clarifying ‘students are disengaged’
Ask for facts such as attendance rates, participation levels, or assignment completion.
Business example: Clarifying ‘employees are disengaged’
Ask for measurable indicators like turnover, absenteeism, or engagement survey scores.
Student example: Shared context in ordinary communication
Friends say ‘Let’s do the usual thing’ and everyone understands the plan.
Business example: Lack of shared context
A manager says ‘Do it like last time’ but new team members have no idea what that means.
Student example: Responsibility of understanding
In group work, unclear instructions lead to misunderstandings about tasks.
Business example: Responsibility of understanding
A CEO’s ambiguous message causes employees to interpret strategy differently.
Student example: Problem with ‘everyone knows’
A student says ‘Everyone knows this professor is unfair’ without evidence.
Business example: Problem with ‘everyone knows’
A manager says ‘Everyone knows the market will crash’ without data.
Student example: Problem description without stakes
A student says ‘The course is difficult’ but does not explain consequences such as failure rates.
Business example: Problem description without stakes
A report says ‘Costs are rising’ but does not explain impact on profitability.
Student example: Anticipating objections
A student preparing a presentation anticipates the teacher’s likely questions.
Business example: Anticipating objections
A startup founder anticipates investor concerns before a funding pitch.
Student example: Identifying stakes strengthens persuasion
A team says ‘If we fail this project, we lose 30% of our grade.’
Business example: Identifying stakes strengthens persuasion
A manager says ‘If we delay this investment, competitors will gain market share.’
Student example: Credibility and evidence
A student citing academic sources appears more trustworthy during a presentation.
Business example: Credibility and evidence
A manager using market data gains credibility during a board meeting.
Student example: Ambiguity is costly
Unclear exam instructions cause many students to misunderstand the assignment.
Business example: Ambiguity is costly
An unclear contract clause leads to a legal dispute between companies.
Student example: Structure increases legitimacy
A student presenting with a clear three-part plan appears confident and competent.
Business example: Structure increases legitimacy
A consultant presenting a structured argument appears more credible to clients.
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Lexique 0150
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Com Pro - Introduction34
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Com Pro - Miss Teen USA25
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Com Pro - Sup de Pub - part 0140
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Com Pro - Sup de Pub - part 0241
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Psychology2
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MOOC - Verbal com and pres skills39
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Lexical Sets9
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Com Pro - Non Verbal Language25
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Com Pro - Mulholland Drive25
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Com Pro - What Matter to You Exercise25
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Com Pro - Message25
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Com Pro - Roxane Bookstore Story25
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Com Pro - Parasitic Gestures25
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Com Pro 2526 - 3 axes & persuasion20
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Com pro - Ouverture 2526 deck 0120
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Com pro - Ouverture 2526 deck 0220
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Illustrations Des Recommandations28
