Imagery

Question 1

state what it is meant by the key term - imagery

Answer 1

imagery refers to an experience which mimics real life experiences

Question 2

what do some people find helpful when doing imagery ?

Answer 2

some people find it useful to close their eyes when performing imagery

Question 3

how does imagery differ from dreams ?

Answer 3

imagery differs from dreams in that we are active and conscious when we form an image

Question 4

state the 5 types of imagery, and give examples

Answer 4

1. visual (eg - visualising the course)
2. kinaesthetic (eg - imagining how your muscles will feel)
3. auditory (eg - imagining how your shot will sound)
4. olfactory (eg - recreating the smell of specific situation)
5. taste (eg - sports drinks, sports bottles, chalk, etc…)

Question 5

imagery involves what 4 things ?

Answer 5

1. creating or recreating an experience in your mind
2. using all of your senses
3. moods and emotions
4. it differs from dreams in that we are awake and conscious when we form an image

Question 6

state 3 (of 6) reasons to why we might use imagery

Answer 6

1. improve concentration
2. build confidence
3. control emotional responses
4. acquire and practice sports skills
5. cope with pain and injury
6. solve problems

Question 7

what are athletes imaging ? (state 4 things)

Answer 7

1. surroundings (i.e. - venues, spectators)
2. nature of imagery (i.e. - positive or negative)
3. imagery perspective (i.e. - internal or external)
4. type of imagery (eg - kinaesthetic, visual, etc…)

Question 8

state the two different perspectives of imagery

Answer 8

1. internal imagery

2. external imagery

Question 9

state 3 facts to explain internal imagery (1/2 perspectives)

Answer 9

1. from your own point of view
2. first person
3. emphasis on the feeling of the movement

Question 10

state 3 facts to explain external imagery (2/2 perspectives)

Answer 10

1. from the perspective of the observer
2. third person
3. less kinaesthetic imagery

Question 11

explain, in 2 points, the differences in perspectives

Answer 11

1. some evidence external imagery used for the acquisition and performance of skills dependent on form (eg - a golf swing), and internal for tasks that depend on perception (eg - a tackle)
2. internal may be better for open vs closed tasks (Spittle et at, 2000)

Question 12

state 3 (of 5) situations to when athletes use imagery

Answer 12

1. used more pre-comp than during or after
2. used more during practice than before or after
3. used during injury to promote healing, motivate recovery and rehearse rehabilitation exercises
4. majority used during practice and competition (i.e. - not on its own)
5. majority used for performance enhancement, particularly leading up to competition (Hall, 2001)

Question 13

state 2 introductory facts about ‘Paivio’s Analytical Framework of Imagery’ - 1885

Answer 13

1. cognitive and motivational functions

2. specific and general levels

Question 14

what are the 5 areas of ‘Paivio’s Analytical Framework of Imagery’ - 1985

Answer 14

1. cognitive specific
2. cognitive general
3. motivational specific
4. motivational general-arousal
5. motivational general-mastery

Question 15

describe ‘cognitive specific’, state an athlete example, and state an exercise example (3 points)

Answer 15

1. to learn, improve, or maintain performance of a skill
2. improving tennis serve performance
3. maintain performance of a db curl

Question 16

describe ‘cognitive general’, state an athlete example, and state an exercise example (3 points)

Answer 16

1. to learn, improve, or maintain performance of strategies, game plans, or routines
2. learning a new offensive play
3. improving a strategy for a 5k run

Question 17

describe ‘motivational specific’, state an athlete example, and state an exercise example (3 points)

Answer 17

1. to achieve specific process, performance and outcome goals
2. winning a race
3. performing a set of 10 leg extensions

Question 18

describe ‘motivational general-arousal’, state an athlete example, and state an exercise example (3 points)

Answer 18

1. to regulate emotions, mood, arousal and anxiety
2. reducing pre-competition anxiety
3. psyching up before a training session

Question 19

describe ‘motivational general-mastary’, state an athlete example, and state an exercise example (3 points)

Answer 19

1. to modify cognitions
2. improving confidence
3. enhancing motivation to train

Question 20

state 3 influences of imagery’s effectiveness

Answer 20

1. nature of the task
2. skill level of the performer
3. imagery ability

Question 21

explain, using 1 point, how the nature of the task can impact the effectiveness of imagery

Answer 21

imagery is better for tasks involving cognitive components (eg - decision making, perception)

Question 22

explain, using 2 points, how the skill level of the performer can impact the effectiveness of imagery

Answer 22

1. stronger evidence for its effectiveness in more experienced performers
2. for novices, it helps more with cognitive components, for experienced athletes, it helps to refine skills

Question 23

who conducted the ‘Imagery Use’ study, and when

Answer 23

Imagery use (Arvinen-Barrow et al, 2007)

Question 24

what was the point of the - Imagery use (Arvinen-Barrow et al, 2007)

Answer 24

the study set of to compare the influence of the competitive level and the type of sport on the use of imagery

Question 25

what was the experimental set up to - Imagery use (Arvinen-Barrow et al, 2007)

Answer 25

83 British athletes (39 elite, 44 novice) completed the 'sport imagery questionnaire' prior to competition

Question 26

explain, using 2 points, the results to - Imagery use (Arvinen-Barrow et al, 2007)

Answer 26

1. elite athletes use more cognitive specific and cognitive general than novices 2. open skilled sport athletes use more motivational general-arousal than in closed sports who used more motivational general-mastery

Question 27

state two questions commonly asked when someone asks - 'how do we know if imagery is happening'

Answer 27

1. what are people doing when they image ? | 2. are people really imagining things when they say they are ?

Question 28

state the 2 means of assessment to how we know people are imaging

Answer 28

1. mental chronometry | 2. cognitive interference

Question 29

explain 'mental chronometry' (1st of 2 methods used to assess whether people are actually imagine)

Answer 29

correlates the time it takes to: go through a mental process of an activity, and the time it takes to physically complete the activity

Question 30

explain 'cognitive interference' (2nd of 2 methods used to assess whether people are actually imaging)

Answer 30

visualisation skills are compromised when asked to read, and aural imaging is compromised when asked to listen to music

Question 31

what did Holmes and Colin (2001) come up with to help develop imagery ability ?

Answer 31

``` P - physical E - environmental T - task T - timing L - learning E - emotion P - perspective ```