imaging

Question 1

SI unit of diathermy

Answer 1

Watts: Diathermy machines often display power output in watts (W), which is a measure of electrical power, but the underlying current is measured in amperes.

Question 2

What is the SI unit for the activity of radioactivity decay?

Answer 2

Becquerel

Question 3

unit of ionizing radiation dose](SI), defined as the absorption of one joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter

Answer 3

Gray

Question 4

(SI) intended to represent the stochastic health risk of ionizing radiation, which is defined as the probability of causing radiation-induced cancer and genetic damage

Answer 4

Sievert

Question 5

how many points is postmenopausal status in RMI

Answer 5

3
(for RMI 1)
(4 for RMI 2, but I believe NICE recommends RMI 1)

Question 6

Is it possible to get an RMI score of 0

Answer 6

yes, I believe so. No scary ultrasound findings = 0

Question 7

Ultrasound findings (mnemonic) which contribute to RMI

Answer 7

BALMS

Bilateral
Ascites
Locules (multilocular cysts)
Metastases
Solid areas

Question 8

how to calculate U score in RMI

Answer 8

0 issues = 0
1 issue = 1
2+ issues = 3

issues = BALMS (bilateral, ascites, locules, metastases, solid components)

Question 9

Schiller Duval bodies are found in…

Answer 9

EndoDermal sinus tumor (EST) is a member of the germ cell tumor group of cancers.
It is the most common TESTICULAR tumor in children under three,
AKA infantile embryonal carcinoma
OR yolk sac tumor.

Question 10

A woman got infection in first trimester rash and joint pain later on ultrasound showed only fetal ascites with no other structural defect:

Answer 10

CMV ??

Question 11

by sound waves being converted to heat (law of thermodynamics) ultrasound can raise the tissue temperature by…

Answer 11

1.5 degrees C
This is no big deal if not for an extended period of time

Question 12

the oscillation of the sound wave on tissue during ultrasound imaging can cause small gas bubbles which collapse and generate very high energies to adjacent tissue. What is this called?

Answer 12

cavitation

Question 13

The mechanical index (MI) - a number displayed on the ultrasound screen - attempts to quantify…
It is recommended to keep the MI below…

Answer 13

attempts to quantify the likelihood of cavitation by an ultrasound beam
Keep it below 1.9

Question 14

colour of doppler away from transducer
colour of doppler towards transducer

Answer 14

Away from transducer is AZUL
towaRds is Red / ROJA

Question 15

An endometrial thickness with TVS of less than or equal to 4mm reduces probability of endometrial carcinoma to…

Answer 15

<1%

Question 16

histology of ovarian fibroma

Answer 16

long thin spindle cells arranged in branching groups called fascicles.

Question 17

average radiation dose to the female gonads during HSG (hysterosalpingography) is… (in mGy)

Answer 17

2.7 mGy

Question 18

cardinal feature of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia is

Answer 18

increased gland to stromal ratio

(glands are variable in size and the stroma between is compacted)

Question 19

cardinal feature of endometrial hyperplasia WITH atypia is

Answer 19

glands show ‘architectural complexity’ with NUCLEAR ATYPIA of the lining cells

individual cells are rounded and loss of normal perpendicular orientation to the basement membrane.

Question 20

in histology, what do you find Call-Exner bodies in?

Answer 20

pathognomonic for granulosa cell tumours (the oestrogen-secreting one)

They are fluid-filled spaces between the cells

Question 21

At what size of gestational sac SHOULD you be able to see a yolk sac?

Answer 21

12mm, but you may see it at 8 - 10mm, which is 5/40 - 5+3/40

Question 22

Describe Brenner tumour histology

Answer 22

Nests of transitional epithelial (urothelial) cells with longitudinal nuclear grooves (coffee bean nuclei) lying in abundant fibrous stroma.

(coffee bean nuclei are also found in granulosa cell tumours, but there are also call-exner bodies in this tumour)

Question 23

Reinke crystals are classically found in what tumour cells (although in less than half of them)

Answer 23

Leydig cell tumours
These tumours also secrete inhibin

Question 24

columnar epithelium is seen in which structures…

Answer 24

fallopian tubes, endometrium, eNDocervix

(eCTocervix is stratified squamous non-keratinised)

Question 25

is 'anechoic' black or white

Answer 25

Anechoic = blAck

Question 26

what is acoustic impedance what does it depend on?

Answer 26

a physical property of tissue. It describes how much resistance an ultrasound beam encounters as it passes through a tissue. Acoustic impedance depends on: the physical density of the tissue (d, in kg/m3) the velocity of the soundwave transmitted through the tissue medium (c, in m/s)

Question 27

if there is no visible heartbeat when the crown-rump length is measured using a transABDOMINAL ultrasound scan:

Answer 27

record the size of the crown-rump length and perform a second scan a minimum of 14 days after the first before making a diagnosis

Question 28

Pathological Q Waves

Answer 28

Q waves are considered pathological if: > 40 ms (1 mm) wide > 2 mm deep > 25% of depth of QRS complex Seen in leads V1-3

Question 29

regarding twin pregnancies, lambda sign means..., T sign means...

Answer 29

lambda is DCDA T sign is MCDA

Question 30

how many Sieverts per CT abdomen

Answer 30

10 - 15 mSv

Question 31

Donovan bodies are found histologically in... which is caused by...

Answer 31

granuloma inguinale aka donovanosis Klebsiella granulomatis nodules which burst into painless genital ulcers

Question 32

what is the most likely potential cause of tissue damage in ultrasound

Answer 32

heat (not cavitation)

Question 33

what do theca lutein cysts look like?

Answer 33

Bilateral enlarged, multicystic ovaries. The cysts are usually large (2-3cm), are classically thin walled and have clear contents. There is large amount of solid component which is possibly the residual ovarian stroma. Following evacuation of a molar pregnancy, the associated theca lutein cysts resolve by 2-4 months. May tort.

Question 34

hat is the single best description for the histological appearance of the secretory endometrium?

Answer 34

Simple columnar with subnuclear vacuolation