Imms

Question 1

Passive immunisation

Answer 1

• Natural: placental transfer of IgG

- Artificial

Question 2

Artificial passive immunisation

Answer 2

• Treatment with immunoglobulin: human normal immunoglobulin and human specific immunoglobulin

Question 3

Human normal immunoglobulin

Answer 3

• Contains all antibodies - protein extracted from pooled blood donations
• Post exposure prophylaxis: Hep A, measles, polio and rubella

Question 4

Human specific immunoglobulin

Answer 4

• Selected blood donors with high antibodies against a specific organism
• Post exposure prophylaxis: Hep B, rabies, tetanus, VZV

Question 5

Passive immunisation advantages and disadvantages

Answer 5

Advantages: gives immediate protection
Disadvantages: no immunological memory, incoming cells reject recipient and serum sickness (antibody recognised as foreign antigen, anaphylaxis)

Question 6

Active immunisation

Answer 6

• Natural, exposed to the virus, you create a natural immunity to it
• Artificial

Question 7

Artificial active immunisation

Answer 7

• Vaccinating against particular things
• First response (exposure): IgM
• Second response (exposure): IgG is likely changed response, much fast, stronger response. Probably clear the pathogen before you feel ill.

Question 8

Contraindications of vaccination

Answer 8

• Temporary: febrile illness, pregnancy (no live attenuated vaccines)
• Permanent: allergy, immunocompromised (no live attenuated, might develop disease from vaccine)

Question 9

Live attenuated vaccines

Answer 9

• Infect a cell in a lab either in a petri dish or non-human host
• Pathogenic organism is attenuated by repeated passage
• Risk that it can turn back into its original pathogenic organism
• Need a fridge
• Illicits a strong cellular and antibody response

Question 10

Inactivated vaccines

Answer 10

• Stable and safer vaccines as you kill off the disease-causing microbe (use chemicals, heat or radiation)
• Not as strong an immune response: likely need boosters or adjuvant
• No fridge

Question 11

Acellular vaccine

Answer 11

• Only part of cellular material (capsule, flagella, part of protein cell wall)
• Can be given to immunocompromised, cannot cause disease
• Not a very good immune response (may require booster)
• E.g. toixoid, take the toxins that induce illness and inactivate them with formalin, the immune system learns how to fight off the natural toxin and produces antibodies

Question 12

Related organisms vaccines

Answer 12

• BCG, you vaccinate against Mycobacterium bovis to protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 13

Subunit vaccine

Answer 13

• Chop up pathogen so that only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system are used
• You get a broad spectrum in preparation for mutation and still get an immune response
• Chances of adverse reactions are low

Question 14

Conjugate vaccines

Answer 14

• Polysaccharide coating of bacteria sometimes isn’t recognised, particularly in immature immune systems
• You take away the coating and you add something else that the immune system can recognise
• Also, one vaccine can induce a strong response and the other one gains from it

Question 15

DNA vaccines

Answer 15

• Hijacks body’s own cellular system
• Inducing cells to make a foreign protein - genes for a microbe’s antigens are used
• Invokes a strong antibody and cellular response
• Cannot cause the disease
• Easy to use and make
• No fridge
• None for humans yet

Question 16

Adjuvants

Answer 16

• If you don’t get a particularly strong immune response from a vaccine you can enhance the immune response by adding an adjuvant
• Aluminium salts are an inflammatory reaction
  or have a conjugate

Question 17

Herd immunity

Answer 17

• Vaccinated individuals are less likely to be a source of infection to others
• Reduces the risk of unvaccinated individuals being exposed to infection