1
Q
The immune system recognizes —— and responds with the production of —— and —
A
- Foreign Bodies
- Immune Cells
- Proteins
2
Q
Recognition of self from non-self occurs by —— that bind specifically to molecules from —— and —
A
- receptor molecules
- Foreign cells
- Viruses
3
Q
Are immune system can fight(5):
A
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Protozoans
- Fungi
- Parasitic Animals
4
Q
Only a small percentage of microbes are —, but are very good at invading our tissues when getting past initial barries
A
Pathogenic
5
Q
What are the 2 types of immune defense?
A
- Innate Immunity
2. Adaptive Immunity
6
Q
Innate Immunity is found in — animals and plants
A
All
7
Q
Innate Immunity is present before any exposure to — and is effecive from the time of birth
A
Pathogens
8
Q
Nonspecific Innate Immunity:
- Consists of — barriers plus — cellular and chemical defenses
- Relies on a ———— that bind structures common to a group of viruses, bacteria or other microbes
A
- External
- Internal
- Small set of receptors
9
Q
Adaptive(aquired) Immunity:
- Only in —
- Activated after the ——— and develops more slowly
- Highly specific:
* Recognition relies on a vast arsenal of —, each of which is very — for a particular pathogen - Has memory to provide enhanced — when exposed again to the same pathogen
A
- Vertebrates
- Innate Immune response
- Receptors
- Specific
- Protection
10
Q
Innate Immunity of Vertebrates:
- Some innate defenses are similar to those of invertebrates
1.—2.—3.—
- Other innate defenses are unique to vertebrates:
Eg. ———,— and the ——
A
- Barrier defenses, Phagocytosis, Antimicrobial peptides
2. Natural killer cells, interferons, and the complement system
11
Q
Barrier Innate Defense:
- Include —, its normal ——, and —— of the —,—, & — tracts
A
- Skin
- Microbial Flora
- Mucous Membranes
- Respiratory
- Urinary
- Reproductive
12
Q
Barrier Innate Defenses:
- Mucus, Saliva, & Tears
- Inhibit — through washing action
- Contain — that destroys —— of —
A
- Colonization
- Lysozyme
- Cell walls
- Bacteria
13
Q
Barrier Innate Defenses:
- Low pH of — and —— prevents growth of many bacteria
A
Skin & Digestive System
14
Q
Cellular Innate Defenses:
What are the 4 phagocytic cell types?
A
- Neutrophils
- Marcophages
- Dendritic Cells
- Eosinophils
15
Q
Phagocytic Cells:
— circulates through the blood to infected tissues
A
Neutrophils
16
Q
Phagocytic Cells:
— is found throughout the body; some migrate, some reside permanently in tissues
A
Macrophages
17
Q
Phagocytic Cells:
—— mainly populate tissues that contact the environment (eg. Skin)
A
Dendritic Cells
18
Q
Phagocytic Cells:
— often found beneath an epithelium and are important against multicellular invaders (eg. Parasitic worms)
A
Eosinophils
19
Q
Natural Killer Cells:
- Circulate through the body and detect ——, such as virally infected or cancerous cells
- Do not —; instead release chemicals leading to cell death, inhibiting their spread
A
- Abnormal Cells
2. Engulf
20
Q
Mast Cells:
- Involved in local — & ——
- Recruit — & —
A
- Inflamation & wound healing
2. Macrophages & neutrophils
21
Q
Basophils:
- Involved in local —
- Defense against —
A
- Inflammation
2. Parasites
22
Q
Both mast cells & basophils release — and can play a role in ——
A
- Histamines
2. Allergic Reactions
23
Q
- Microbes have different cell surface markers than vertebrates
- Common to a wide range of — (i.e., non-specific)
- Contain ————
- Recognized by — immune cells
A
- Microbes
- Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns(PAMPs)
- Phagocytic
24
Q
-Binding of — triggers release of —: chemical that signals the presence of a pathogen to immune cells and to induce a response
* ~40 types, including:
—: mediate interactions between leukocytes
—: interfere with viral replication and help activate macrophages
—: is comprised of about 30 proteins which cause lysis of invading cells and help trigger inflammation
A
- PAMP
- Cytokines
- Interleukins
- Interferons
- Complement System
25
Inflammatory Response:
-Brought about upon — or —
Involves:
1. ——
2. —
3. —
4. ——
- Histamines
- Cytokines
Injury or Infection
1. Mast Cells
2. Macrophages
3. Neutrophils
4. Signaling Molecule
26
Step 1
| ——, found in connective tissue release —, which triggers blood vessels to dialte and become more permeable
1. Mast Cells
| 2. Histamine
27
Step 2
| Activated — release — that recruit —
1. Macrophages
2. Cytokines
3. Neutrophils
28
Step 3
| — digest — and ——. — heals
1. Neutrophils
2. Pathogens
3. Cell debris
4. Tissue
29
Inflammation can be either — or —
1. Local
| 2. Systemic(throughout body)
30
—: a systemic inflamatory response triggered by — released by macrophages and include toxins from pathogens
1. Fever
| 2. Pyrogens
31
Certain bacterial infections can lead to ——, a life threatening condition caused by an overwhelming systemic inflammatory response
Septic Shock
32
The adaptive response relies on 2 types of lymphocytes:
| —— & ——
B cells & T cells
33
——: humoral response
Bcells
34
——: cell-mediated response
Tcells
35
All blood cells originate from stem cells in bone marrow:
- B cells: remain and mature in ——
- T cells: migrate to and mature in the —
1. Bone Marrow
| 2. thymus
36
- B cells make —
* Secreted in the — component of blood
* Also serve as ——— for B cells
1. Antibodies
2. Liquid (humoral)
3. Membrane-bound receptors
37
What are the 3 populations of T cells?
- Produce various cell-mediated responses after a pathogen binds to a specific T cell receptor
1. Helper T cells
2. Cytotoxic T cells
3. Regulatory T cells
38
—: substance that elicits a response from a B or T cell
| * Usually — and are typically —— that protrude from the surface of a pathogen
1. Antigen
2. Foreign
3. Large Molecules
39
- Recognition occurs through specific —— activating the cell
* Millions of different receptors, but each cell expresses many copies of only — antigen receptor
1. Antigen Receptors
| 2. One
40
- —: accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor
* Represents only a small region of the — (e.g., range of ~5 – 20 amino acids of a protein)
1. Epitope
| 2. Antigen
41
Antigen receptors of B cells and T cells have ——, but they encounter — in different ways
1. Similar components
| 2. Antigens
42
Each B cell antigen receptor is a —— molecule with two identical —— and two identical ——
1. Y-shaped
2. Heavy chains
3. Light chains
43
- Both are comprised of — and — regions
* Constant regions vary —, whereas the variable regions differ —
* The — regions provide antigen specificity
1. Constant (c)
2. Variable (v)
3. Little
4. Greatly
5. Variable
44
Heavy and light chain variable regions are —, generating unique binding sites
Asymmetrical
45
Both antigen binding site are —
Identical
46
- Binding of a B cell antigen receptor to an antigen is an early step in ———
* Gives rise to cells that secrete a soluble form of the receptor called an — or —
1. B cell activation
2. Antibody
3. Immunoglobulin (Ig)
47
Each T cell receptor consists of two different —— (called a and B)
Polypeptide chain
48
The tips of the chain form a — region; the rest is a — region
1. Variable (V)
| 2. Constant (C)
49
T cell and B cell antigen receptors are ——
Functionally different
50
- T cells bind to —— presented on a host cell surface by —molecules
* ——: can display many different antigen fragments
1. Antigen Fragments
2. MHC ( major histocompatibility complex)
3. Not specific
51
MHC Class 1 is found on all host ——
Nucleated cells
52
- Display — antigens to — T cells
* — = hosts normal microbial flora and virally infected or mutated host cells
* Presentation of foreign or over-abundant antigens targets cell for —
1. Endogenous
2. Cytoxic
3. Endogenous
4. Destruction
53
MHC Class 2:
- FOund on antigen presenting cells (APCs):
1. ——
2. ——
3. —
1. B cells
2. Dendritic Cells
3. Macrophage
54
In infected cells, host MHC molecules bind and transport —— to the ——
1. Antigen fragments
| 2. Cell Surface
55
- T cell then binds both the — and the — molecule
| * This interaction is necessary for the T cell to participate in the ———
1. Antigen Fragement
2. MHC
3. Adaptive Immune Response
56
Step 1. Pathogen — or is taken in by a host cell
Step 2. Enzymes — the antigen into smaller fragements
Step 3. MHC — the fragments and presents them on the ——
Step 4. T-cell binding requires — & ——
1. Infects
2. Cleave
3. Binds
4. Cell surface
5. Antigen & MHC Recognition
57
- The adaptive immune system has 4 major characteristics:
1. Diversity of — & —
2. —— (i.e., lack of reactivity against an animal’s own molecules)
3. B and T cells — after activation
4. — memory
1. Lymphocytes & receptors
2. Self-Tolerance
3. Proliferate
4. Immunological
58
By combining variable elements, the immune system assembles a diverse variety of ——
Antigen Receptors
59
Diversity is provided by the — gene structure
Immunoglobulin (Ig)
60
-Many different chains that make up the receptor can be produced from the same gene by — of the —
E.g., the B cell light chain Ig is comprised of 3 segments:
* —
* —
* —
1. Rearrangment
2. DNA
3. Variable (v)
4. Joining (j)
5. Constant (C)
61
— different variable regions and — different joining regions
1. 40
| 2. 5
62
By combining the light chain & heavy chain variations and chain combinations results in ——— antigen-binding specificities
>1 million
63
As lymphocytes mature in —— or the —, they are tested for ——
1. Bone marrow
2. thymus
3. Self-reactivity
64
- Some B and T cells with receptors specific for the body’s own molecules are destroyed by —, or programmed ——
* The remainder are rendered —
1. Apoptosis
2. Cell death
3. Nonfunctional
65
There are few lymphocytes with antigen receptors for any particular —
Epitope
66
- In the lymph nodes, an antigen is exposed to a steady stream of lymphocytes until ————
* Initiates events that activate the —
1. A match is made
| 2. Lymphocyte
67
Once activated, a B cell or T cell undergoes — cell divisions to produce — of ——
1. Multiple
2. Clones
3. Identical Cells
68
What are the two types of cloned cells produced?
1. Effector Cells
| 2. Memory Cells
69
Effector cells: these are —— and act — against the antigen
* Effector B cells: —— (secrete antibodies)
* Effector T cells: — T cells and — T cells
1. Short-lived
2. Immediately
3. Plasma Cells
4. Helper
5. Cytoxic
70
Immunlogical memory is responsible for —— protections against diseases, due to either a prior — or —
1. Long-term
2. Infection
3. Vaccination
71
First exposure elicits the ———:
* Selected B and T cells give rise to their ——
* Memory cells produced for — immune response
1. Primary Immune Response
2. Effector Forms
3. Secondary
72
In the secondary immune response, a reservoir of T and B memory cells facilitate a —, — and —— response
1. Faster
2. Stronger
3. Longer-lasting
73
Helper T cells trigger both the ——— & ————
1. Humoral Immune Response
| 2. Cell-mediated Immune Response
74
Humoral Immune Response:
| * Production of — by B cells that ——
1. Antibodies
| 2. Neutralize Pathogens
75
Cell-Mediated Immune Response:
| * Activation of — T cells that kill ——
1. Cytotoxic
| 2. Infected Cells
76
The antigen must be displayed on the surface of an ———by an ——— molecule
*MHC II provides the ——by which antigen-presenting cells are —
1. Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)
2. MHC Class 2
3. Molecular Signature
4. Recognized
77
Antigen receptors on the surface of helper T cells bind to the — and the ——— molecule; then — signals are exchanged between the two cells
1. Antigen
2. Class 2 MHC
3. Cytokine
78
The helper T cell is —, —, and — a clone of helper T cells, which then activate the appropriate — cells and cytotoxic —cells
1. Activated
2. Proliferates
3. Forms
4. B
5. T
79
———are the effector cells in the cell-mediated immune response
Cytotoxic T Cells
80
The activated cytotoxic T cell secretes — that disrupt the membranes of —— and trigger —
1. Proteins
2. Target Cells
3. Apoptosis
81
Recognize fragments of foreign proteins produced by infected cells and possess an accessory protein that binds to ——— molecules
Class 1 MHC
82
The activated cytotoxic T cell secretes — and —. Perforin disrupts the membranes of target cells
1. Perforin
| 2. Granzymes
83
Granzymes trigger —, leading to — and — of the cytotoxic T cell
1. Apoptosis
2. Fragmentation
3. Release
84
The humoral response is characterized by secretion of antibodies by ——
B cells
85
Activation of B cells requires 2 things:
* ——
* —————
1. An antigen
| 2. Cytokines from Helper T cells
86
In response, a B cell proliferates and differentiates into 2 cells types:
* ——:antibody secreting effector cells
* ———: quickly convert into plasma cells upon a future exposure to the same antigen
1. Plasma Cells
| 2. Memory B cells
87
An antigen presenting cell engulfs a — and presents a —— on the cell surface via MHC II
1. Pathogen
| 2. Small Fragment
88
Helper T cell with corresponding antigen receptor binds and gets — (with aid of cytokines from presenting cell)
Activated
89
B cell takes in a few foreign molecules by ——— and presents a small fragment on the cell surface via MHC II
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
90
Activated Helper T cell with corresponding antigen receptor binds to and activates the —— (with aid of cytokines)
B cell
91
Activated B cell proliferates and differentiates into ———and —— that secrete antibodies specific for the same antigen
Memory B cells & Plasma Cells
92
A variety of B cells activated by one antigen will give rise to —— producing — directed against different epitopes of the common antigen.
1. Plasma Cells
| 2. Antibodies
93
Antibodies ——— pathogens
Do Not Kill
94
Act by:
* —: interfering with pathogen activity
* —: marking them for destruction
* Working with the —— to generate a ——— to lyse the pathogen
1. Neutralization
2. Opsonization
3. Complement System
4. Membrane Attack Complex
95
Antibodies bind to viral surface proteins preventing — of a host cell
*Can also bind to — in body fluids and prevent them from — body cells
1. Infection
2. Toxins
3. Entering
96
Antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria creating a target for — or —, triggering —
1. Macrophages
2. Neutrophils
3. Phagocytosis
97
Both the — and —— responses can include primary and secondary immune responses
1. Humoral
| 2. Cell-Mediated
98
Memory cells enable the ——
Secondary response
Biology 2
flashcards
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
-
Respiratory System: Slides62
-
The Muscular System47
-
Osmotic Regualtion & Excretion68
-
Animal Nutrition & Digestion116
-
Immune System98
-
Viruses49
-
Prokaryotes: Bacteria & Archaea61
-
Ecology And The Biosphere97
-
Population & Community Ecology79
-
Population & Ecology Pt. 295
-
Ecosystems64
-
Seedless Plant78
-
Seed Plants69
-
Plant Form & Physiology111
-
Plant Reproduction76
-
Plant Form & Physiology Pt.22
