Immunity

Question 1

What is first line of defense?

Answer 1

physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers

Question 2

What is the second line of defense?

Answer 2

innate immunity (inflammation)

Question 3

What is the third line of defense?

Answer 3

adaptive immunity

Question 4

This part of the immune system is fast, does not distinguish between microbes, and includes the inflammatory response

Answer 4

innate immune system

Question 5

This part of the immune system includes B cells and T cells

Answer 5

adaptive immune system

Question 6

This part of the immune system is a stronger and more prolonged response throughout the system

Answer 6

adaptive immune system

Question 7

Which WBCs are phagocytes?

Answer 7

neutrophils
eosinophils
macrophages/ monocytes
dendritic cells

Question 8

Which WBCs are antigen presenting cells (APCs)?

Answer 8

macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 9

These are conserved patterns on foreign molecules

Answer 9

pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Question 10

lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, bacterial lipoproteins, double stranded RNA, flagella, and foreign DNA are examples of what that help the IS identify pathogens?

Answer 10

PAMPs

Question 11

These are receptors on immune cells that recognize PAMPs

Answer 11

pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

Question 12

pattern recognition receptors are also referred to as….

Answer 12

toll-like receptors (TLR)

Question 13

This process neutralizes harmful agents, removes damaged and dead tissue, minimizes the effects of injury or infection, generates new tissue, and promotes healing

Answer 13

inflammation

Question 14

the vascular and cellular stages are a part of the ______ response (local or systemic?)

Answer 14

local response

Question 15

white blood cell response, acute-phase response, and sepsis are parts of what response? (local or systemic?)

Answer 15

systemic response

Question 16

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 16

redness
swelling
heat
pain
loss of function

Question 17

rubor

Answer 17

redness

Question 18

tumor

Answer 18

swelling

Question 19

calor

Answer 19

heat

Question 20

dolar

Answer 20

pain

Question 21

these 3 WBCs are involved in the pathogenesis of allergic disease

Answer 21

eosinophils
mast cells
basophils

Question 22

functia laesa

Answer 22

loss of function

Question 23

this granulocyte is the first responder and is the most plentiful, it is short-lived and becomes pus when it dies

Answer 23

neutrophils

Question 24

this granulocyte is associated with parasites and is involved in allergic responses

Answer 24

eosinophils

Question 25

this granulocyte is localized in tissue and active in allergic responses

Answer 25

mast cells

Question 26

this granulocyte is involved in amplification of an allergic response and is more mobile than mast cells

Answer 26

basophils

Question 27

are monocytes and macrophages granulocytes or agranulocytes?

Answer 27

agranulocytes

Question 28

in this phase of acute inflammation, cells and proteins move through blood vessels and begin to collect near the site of inflammation

Answer 28

vascular

Question 29

in this phase of acute inflammation, leukocytes move into the tissue where inflammation is occurring

Answer 29

cellular

Question 30

during the vascular phase of inflammation, there is a period of vaso______ followed by vaso_____

Answer 30

constriction; dilation

Question 31

These two chemicals are common inflammatory mediators that increase vascular permeability during inflammation

Answer 31

histamine and bradykinin

Question 32

damaged tissues and resident immune cells release chemical signals called _______ indicating damage has occurred

Answer 32

cytokines

Question 33

this is the process of neutrophils and other WBCs leaving the blood vessels to migrate into the interstitial fluid

Answer 33

diapedesis

Question 34

chemokines are chemical signals released from damaged areas and allow WBCs to migrate towards the affected area in a process called ______

Answer 34

chemotaxis

Question 35

True or false: macrophages phagocytose invaders and damaged cells

Answer 35

true

Question 36

This is synthesized and released by the liver and may be shown on lab testing to indicate an inflammatory response

Answer 36

c-reactive protein (CRP)

Question 37

this stimulates the liver to synthesize and release CRP

Answer 37

interleukin-6 (IL-6)

Question 38

this is a kinin that causes vasodilation and pain

Answer 38

bradykinin

Question 39

this is a chemical released by granulocytes that causes dilation of arterioles and increased permeability of venules in the inflammatory process

Answer 39

histamine

Question 40

this enhances pain sensitivity, fever, and vascular permeability and is released from cells when injury occurs

Answer 40

prostaglandins

Question 41

these are made from phospholipids (so can be made by all cells) and aspirin and NSAIDS block this production pathway

Answer 41

prostaglandins

Question 42

these work with histamine and have similar but slower effects, involve smooth muscle contraction, and are important in asthma

Answer 42

leukotrienes

Question 43

these are molecules released from one immune cell that causes response in a nearby immune cell

Answer 43

cytokines

Question 44

these are two important cytokines that activate many other pathways of inflammation

Answer 44

TNF-a and IL-1

Question 45

these are released by cells to initiate chemotaxis

Answer 45

chemokines

Question 46

this is a potent vasodilator that prevents clotting and reduces inflammation

Answer 46

nitric oxide (NO)

Question 47

These signify cell damage, can trigger cytokine release and can damage surrounding cells, ex- lysosomes

Answer 47

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Question 48

this system is composed of plasma proteins that lyse foreign cells by opsinization or membrane attack complex (MAC)

Answer 48

complement system

Question 49

The main complement responsible for opsonization

Answer 49

C3b

Question 50

the process where complement covers the pathogen to mark it for a macrophage to engulf

Answer 50

opsonization

Question 51

the main complement responsible for membrane attack complexes (MAC)

Answer 51

C5b

Question 52

this is the process where complement pokes hole in the membrane of the pathogen

Answer 52

MAC

Question 53

In this phase of systemic inflammation, cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1, CRP) are increased, as well as increased fibrinogen levels and increased leukocytosis

Answer 53

acute phase response

Question 54

this refers to inflammation lasting 2 weeks or longer and is characterized as pus formation and discharge and incomplete wound healing

Answer 54

chronic inflammation

Question 55

in this type of inflammation, macrophages and lymphocytes accumulate in the damaged area and keep releasing inflammatory mediators

Answer 55

chronic inflammation

Question 56

true or false: chronic inflammation can NOT damage tissue over time and does not lead to increased risk of cancer

Answer 56

false

Question 57

this type of WBC may collect and form "foam cells" in the arteries, leading to...

Answer 57

Macrophages, atherosclerosis

Question 58

true or false: atherosclerosis is an inflammatory response

Answer 58

true

Question 59

what causes pyrexia (fever)

Answer 59

pyrogens

Question 60

this type of pyrogen originates outside the body, typically from pathogens (bacterial cell walls, lipopolysaccharides) that trigger fever

Answer 60

exogenous pyrogens

Question 61

this type of pyrogen is produced by macrophages and dendritic cells, an example is a cytokine (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a)

Answer 61

endogenous pyrogens

Question 62

what part of the brain controls temperature of the body?

Answer 62

hypothalamus

Question 63

what temperature is considered a fever?

Answer 63

38C or 100.4F