Immunity

Question 1

Signs and symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Answer 1

1. butterfly rash
2. alopecia
3. joint stiffness
4. splinter hemorrhages
5. Decreased circulation to extremities, remission, and exacerbation of pain

Question 2

Risk factors for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Answer 2

1. women of childbearing age
2. people who are not Caucasians are more likely to get it.
3. People who have a family history of autoimmune problems

Question 3

Assessment findings of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Answer 3

1. swelling in legs and around the eyes
2. polyarthritis
3. photosensitivity
4. Low WBC
5. Lupus nephritis
6. Splinter hemorrhages
7. Raynaud’s syndrome (Circulation issue that causes the extremities to be cool)
8. Anemia
9. leukopenia
10. thrombocytopenia

Question 4

Interventions for SLE

Answer 4

1. Heat therapy
2. dietician
3. exercise routines
4. prevent infections
5. monitor for adverse effects of meds (Corticosteroids)
6. use good hand hygiene
7. vaccinations

Question 5

Meds for SLE

Answer 5

1. hydroxychloroquine
2. steroids
3. erythropoietin
4. iron supplements
5. antibiotics
6. NSAIDs
7. topical corticosteroids

Question 6

Education for SLE

Answer 6

1. avoid large crowds
2. use sunscreen
3. report signs of fever and infections
4. keep stress levels under control
5. avoid fluorescent lighting
6. know the s/s of a flare
7. pat skin dry as opposed to rubbing
8. avoid drying agents like powders or alcohol gels, proper wound care.
9. avoid high-dose birth control pills

Question 7

Define Primary immunodeficieny

Answer 7

congenital and may affect T cells and/or B cells, may result from defects on WBCs

Question 8

Give an example of primary immunodeficiency

Answer 8

A baby with an ear infection and thrush at risk for Primary immunodeficiency

Question 9

Define Secondary Immunodeficiency

Answer 9

Typically results from trauma, stress, may result from cancer therapies, AIDS results from HIV

Question 10

Define Allergy

Answer 10

An environmental or exogenous antigen that is in the body and it creates a hypersensitivity reaction

Question 11

What is the difference between anaphylaxis and an allergy

Answer 11

Anaphylaxis is an allergy that is immediate and is systemic.

Question 12

S/S of anaphylaxis

Answer 12

itchy throat, hives, redness, swelling, abdominal pain, glossitis, itchy skin conjunctivitis, headache, increased heat

Question 13

Meds for anaphylaxis

Answer 13

Epinephrine, Benadryl, Oxygen if needed, Pepcid, steroid, bronchodilator

Question 14

Treatment for anaphylaxis

Answer 14

oxygen, recumbent position, give fluids

Question 15

Education for anaphylaxis

Answer 15

1. Take allergy medications before exposure to the allergen.
2. Tell the nurse if you feel anything different
3. Teach about sings and symptoms of an allergic reaction
4. Avoid the allergen
5. Wear an allergy bracelet
6. Educate about how to correctly use EpiPens

Question 16

Symptoms of immunosuppression

Answer 16

1. getting sick easily
2. poor wound healing
3. mucosal injury and ulcerations, biliary tract disease, diverticular disease, pancreatitis, malignancy
4. weight loss or wasting

Question 17

Aging and the immune system

Answer 17

1. As we age we are more exposed to stress environmental factors, and bodily insults that lead to secondary immune conditions
2. people over the age of 55 are more prone to transplantation problems
3. Older adults sometimes have poor responses to immunizations
4. The immune system may precipitate insulin resistance

Question 18

When does the manufacture of immunoglobulins begin for pediatrics and when are normal values achieved?

Answer 18

Manufacture: 2 weeks of age

Normal values achieved: 6-7 years of age

Question 19

Pediatrics and immunity

Answer 19

Newborns are more susceptible to get sick than other children. Especially a newborn that is premature because they did not get all of the IgG antibodies that they need

Question 20

Give examples of people who have suppressed immune systems

Answer 20

People who have Chemo, Cystic Fibrosis, Lupus, AIDS/HIV, Steroid users

Question 21

Give examples of people who have exaggerated immune responses

Answer 21

People with allergic reactions, leukocytosis, and dermatitis

Question 22

What is innate immunity?

Answer 22

Something you’re born with

Question 23

What is active acquired immunity

Answer 23

Exposure to something

Question 24

What is passive acquired immunity?

Answer 24

When immunity is given from a mother to a baby through birth or breast milk

Question 25

If someone has their spleen removed what should they be doing?

Answer 25

Getting their immunizations up to date.

Question 26

When are you more likely to react to antigen?

Answer 26

When you are exposed to it a second time.

Question 27

What are the warning signs of immunodeficiency?

Answer 27

1. four or more new ear infections within a year 2. two or more serious sinus infections within 1 year 3. two or more months o taking antibiotics with little effect 4. Two or more pneumonia within 1 year 5. Failure of an infant to gain weight or grow normally 6. Recurrent deep skin or organ abscesses persistent thrush in the mouth or fungal infections on the skin 7. Need for IV antibiotics to clear infections 8. Two or more deep-seated infections including septicemia

Question 28

What warning signs do you have to have in order to be considered as having primary immunodeficiency?

Answer 28

2 or more of the warning signs.

Question 29

What should people with suppressed immune systems remember about litter boxes and fecal matter of pets?

Answer 29

They should wear gloves or delegate the task to other family members

Question 30

What assessment findings indicate that a person has a suppressed immune system?

Answer 30

Low WBC, weakness, ineffective antibiotic treatment, slow wound healing, diarrhea, recurring infections, weight loss

Question 31

What are good interventions for someone with a suppressed immune system?

Answer 31

Good hand hygiene reduced sugar intake, exercise, increased fluid intake, infection control, stress relief, rest, safe sex, avoid animals, well-balanced diet, Counseling

Question 32

Medications for immunosuppressed patients

Answer 32

Vitamin C, antivirals, antibiotics, vitamins, pain meds, chemotherapy, transfusions, antifungals, immunoglobulins

Question 33

Education for immunosuppressed patients

Answer 33

No crowded areas like concerts, good hand hygiene, wearing a mask, more vaccines, lifestyle choices, infection control, when to call the doctor, wound care education, nutrition, proper pet management, signs and symptoms, take all antibiotics

Question 34

What are the types of an exaggerated immune response?

Answer 34

Type1: Immediate hypersensitivity Type 2: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity Type 3. Immune complex-mediated response Type 4: delayed-type hypersensitivity

Question 35

Give examples of a type 1 response

Answer 35

bee stings, seasonal allergic rhinitis, anaphylaxis

Question 36

Give examples of type 2 response

Answer 36

Transfusion reactions

Question 37

Give examples of type 3 response

Answer 37

RA, SLE, MS

Question 38

Give examples of type 4 response

Answer 38

Poison ivy allergic responses, and organ transplant rejection

Question 39

How long does a type 4 response take to develop?

Answer 39

12-24 hours

Question 40

How long should a person not be on steroids before their allergy testing?

Answer 40

24-48 hours