Immunity--Adaptive

Question 1

describe ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Answer 1

• the BODY’S ABILITY to RECOGNIZE and DEFEND ITSELF against SPECIFIC INVADERS and PRODUCTS
• acquired through INFECTION OR VACCINATION
• SLOWER THAN INNATE
• involves LYMPHOCYTES

Question 2

what are the CHARACTERISTICS OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Answer 2

• SPECIFICITY
• CLONALITY
• UNRESPONSIVENESS TO SELF
• MEMORY (has a STRONGER + FASTER RESPONSE TO 2nd exposure)

Question 3

what are our TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Answer 3

1. HUMORAL IMMUNITY
2. CELLULAR IMMUNITY

Question 4

describe HUMORAL IMMUNITY

Answer 4

• immunity bought by ANTIBODIES
• antibodies can recog, and bind to FOREIGN MOLECULES–ANTIGENS
• INVOLVES B LYMPHOCYTES; can RECOG. ANTIGENS and use ANTIBODIES AGAINST THEM

Question 5

describe CELLULAR IMMUNITY

Answer 5

• heavy role of T LYMPHOCYTES
• does NOT BIND TO ANTIGENS DIRECTLY
• has PROPER T CELL RECEPTORS (TCR) to BIND TO ANTIGEN and RELEASE CYTOKINES
• attacks VIRUSES AND PARASITES

Question 6

describe LYMPHOCYTES–what cells do they make and where are they produced?

Answer 6

• PRODUCED IN THE RED BONE MARROW
• TYPES:
• T CELLS
• B CELLS
• NK CELLS
• have AGRANULOCYTES:
• have LARGE NUCLEI and SMALL AMT of CYTOPLASM
• helps to IDENTIFY and iNACTIVATE/DESTROY PATHOGENS

Question 7

describe T CELLS and what are our THREE TYPES

Answer 7

• consists of over 70-85% of LYMPHOCYTES
• contains RECEPTORS IN PM to RECOG. ANTIGENS
• matures in the THYMUS and seen in CELLULAR IMMUNITY

HELPER T CELLS

• stimulates the FUNCTION OF T AND B CELLS

SUPPRESSOR T-LYMPHOCYTES

• INHIBITS FUNCTION OF T AND B CELLS

CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES (T KILLERS)

• ATTACKS CELLS

Question 8

describe B CELLS

Answer 8

• consists of 15-30% of LYMPHOCYTES
• contains ANTIGEN RECEPTORS
• RESPONDS TO ONLY ONE ANTIGEN
• causes PRODUCTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS (Ig)/ANTIBODIES
• produces MEMORY CELLS
• matures in the BONE MARROW

Question 9

what are the FIVE TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN

Answer 9

1. IgG
2. IgA
3. IgD
4. IgM
5. IgE

Question 10

describe NK CELLS

Answer 10

• they are LARGE GRAULAR LYMPHOCYTES
• consists of 5-10% of LYMPHOCYTES
• important for IMMUNOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE
• attacks FOREIGN, VIRUS-INFECTED, and CANCER CELLS

Question 11

describe CYTOKINES

Answer 11

• the CHEMICAL MESSENGERS OF IMMUNE CELLS
• helps to MEDIATE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS between CELLS of IMMUNE SYSTEM
• over 200
• produced by NEARLY ALL IMMUNE CELLS
• ONLY ACT ON CELLS THAT HAVE RECEPTOR FOR THEM
• INDUCES CELLS TO MAKE MORE OF THEM

**SEPSIS–can CAUSE OVER PRODUCTION OF CYTOKINES –can lead to TISSUE DAMAGE

Question 12

what happens if by chance the lymphocytes begin to RECOGNIZE and BIND TO THEIR OWN SELF ANTIGENS?

Answer 12

• must be eliminated during maturation by CLONAL DELETION

Question 13

describe INTERLEUKINS; cytokine

Answer 13

helps to communicate between the leukocytes

Question 14

describe the CHEMOKINES; cytokine

Answer 14

small cytokines that INDUCE CHEMOTAXIS of leukocytes to INFECTION SITES

Question 15

describe INTERFERONS; cytokine

Answer 15

• interferes with VIRAL INFECTIONS
• also is made COMMERCIALLY; treats VIRAL INFECTIONS like HEP B

Question 16

describe TUMOR NECROSIS FACTORS TNFs; cytokine

Answer 16

• targets TUMOR CELLS
• induces INFLAMMATION

**an OVERPRODUCTION of TNFs - can lead to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES like RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Question 17

describe HEMATOPOIETIC CYTOKINES

Answer 17

• controls STEM CELL DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS
• has COLONY STIMULATING FACTORS CSF

*G-CSF - stimulates the PRODUCTION OF NEUTROPHILS

Question 18

what are ANTIGENS?

Answer 18

• specific parts of bacteria that ANTIBODIES RECOGNIZE
• can be PROTEINS or POLYSACCHARIDES that are components of invading microorganisms
• ex. CAPSULES, FLAGELLA, or VIRAL COATS
• can also be NON-MICROBIAL; pollen, blood products from another person, or surface molecules of transplanted tissue
• creates a HIGHLY SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE–greater production of ANTIBODIES and INTERACTIONS with ANTIGENS

Question 19

definition of EPITOPES

Answer 19

specific region of an antigen that the ANTIBODIES RECOGNIZE

Question 20

define IMMUNOGLOBULINS

Answer 20

• specific COMPACT SOLUBLE PROTEINS (GLOBULINS)
• made in response to ANTIGENS by B CELLS
• most important function is its STRUCTURE

Question 21

describe the STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODIES

Answer 21

• composed of MONOMER with TWO ANTIGEN BINDING SITES
• can be MULTIMERS–can be DIMER (2) - has 4 antigen binding sites + PENTAMER (5) - has 10 antigen binding sites
• overall has 4 PROTEIN CHAINS (TWO LIGHT and TWO HEAVY CHAINS)
• joined by DISULFIDE BONDS
• is FLEXIBLE – changes from Y to T

Question 22

definition of VALENCE

Answer 22

the NUMBER OF ANTIGEN BINDING SITES for a given antibody

Question 23

what are the TWO REGIONS within the ANTIBODY STRUCTURE?

Answer 23

VARIABLE REGION:

• determines the ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY
• binds the EPITOPES
• essential for DIVERSITY

CONSTANT REGION:

• the STEM of the REGION

Question 24

how does the VARIABLE REGION increase DIVERSITY?

Answer 24

• encodes for SEVERAL PIECES known as SUBGENES – these are CONSTANTLY CHANGING and REORGANIZING within the GENOME = a HUGE VARIETY OF ANTIBODIES

Question 25

describe each IMMUNOGLOBULIN TYPE and FUNCTIONS

Answer 25

IgG: - is the HIGHEST IN OPSONIZATION AND NEUTRALIZATION ACTIVITIES - is CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR SUBCLASSES; IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) IgM: - produced FIRST UPON ANTIGEN INVASION--increases TRANSIENTLY IgA: - expressed in MUCOSAL TISSUES - forms DIMERS after secretion IgD: - has UNKNOWN FUNCTION IgE: - involved in ALLERGY

Question 26

describe HUMORAL RESPONSE

Answer 26

- have a clonal expansion that PRODUCES an ARMY OF B CELLS SPECIFIC to ANTIGEN that PRODUCES ANTIBODY *again, antibodies can recognize SO MANY ANTIGENS--over QUADRILLION of them! - due to again VARIABLE REGION REARRANGEMENT

Question 27

what happens after we have an ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN INTERACTION?

Answer 27

1. AGGLUTINATION (binding of bacteria together in one place -- more easily recog. by immune sys.) 2. ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT SYS. 3. OPSONIZATION (greater coating of antibodies on bacteria -- more easily attacked by phagocytic cells) 4. ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY (seen on larger parasitic cells -- attracts more phagocytic cells) 5. NEUTRALIZATION (blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa--attachment difficulty)

Question 28

describe CELLULAR IMMUNITY

Answer 28

- seen in INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS -- our antibodies cannot get to them - have to utilize T LYMPHOCYTES - have to utilize ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS -- allows to PROCESS ANTIGENS and presents them to the T CELLS - have to utilize T CELL RECEPTORS TCRS--recognizes the ANTIGENS attached to APCs *again, T CELLS MATURE IN THYMUS - any immature t cells that RECOG. T SELF CELLS -- are eliminated - mature t cells go through VARIOUS LYMPHOID TISSUES -- to encounter pathogens

Question 29

what are our ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APCs)? (3)

Answer 29

- B LYMPHOCYTES - DENDRITIC CELLS - MACROPHAGES

Question 30

describe our DENDRITIC CELLS

Answer 30

- our MAIN APCs - induces T CELLS - found in the SKIN, SPLEEN, BLOOD and various tissues

Question 31

describe MACROPHAGES

Answer 31

- recruited by INNATE IMMUNITY - activated by INGESTION of ANTIGENIC MATERIAL and presents ANTIGEN on surface - becomes better phagocytes and APCs once activated

Question 32

what are the FOUR CLASSES of T CELLS?

Answer 32

- HELPER T CELLS - KILLER T CELLS - SUPPRESSOR T CELLS - MEMORY T CELLS

Question 33

describe T CYTOTOXIC CELLS (CD8+ CELLS)

Answer 33

- targets T CELLS that are altered and that PRESENT NON SELF ANTIGENS (endogenous antigens) - targets TUMOR CELLS - transplanted FOREIGN TISSUE - induces APOPTOSIS

Question 34

describe NATURAL KILLER CELLS

Answer 34

- part of INNATE IMMUNITY - NONSPECIFIC - distinguishes between NORMAL CELLS from TRANSFORMED CELLS

Question 35

describe ANTIBODY DEPENDENT CELL MEDIATED CYTOTOXCICITY

Answer 35

- specific ANTIBODIES are produced by our HUMORAL IMMUNE SYSTEM to coat larger organisms -- ex. TAPEWORMS - binding of EOSINOPHILS< MACROPHAGES + NK CELLS to antibodies - target killed by LYTIC ENZYMES, PERFORINS, and CYTOTOXIC CYTOKINES

Question 36

what are our TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (4)?

Answer 36

NATURALLY ACQUIRED: - ACTIVE - PASSIVE ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED: - ACTIVE - PASSIVE

Question 37

describe ACTIVE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - NATURALLY ACQUIRED

Answer 37

- this is where our ANTIGENS enter the body NATURALLY - creation of own ANTIBODIES and SPECIALIZED LYMPHOCYTES

Question 38

describe PASSIVE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - NATURALLY ACQUIRED

Answer 38

- where antibodies are passed from MOTHER TO FETUS - via PLACENTA or MILK

Question 39

describe ACTIVE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - ARTIFICALLY ACQUIRED

Answer 39

- antigens introduced through VACCINES - creation of antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

Question 40

describe PASSIVE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - ARTIFICALLY ACQUIRED

Answer 40

- preformed ANTIBODIES in the IMMUNE SERUM - introduction of INJECTION