NURS 372 > Immunization > Flashcards

Immunization Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

Antigens are also called

A

Immunogens

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2
Q

Antibodies are also called

A

Immunoglobulins

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3
Q

Explain the process of immunization
-physiology

A

-introduces an antigen that triggers an immune system response and then immunity is developed
-antibodies are produced and now we can respond to these specific antigens if presented

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4
Q

Antigen vs antibodies

A

Antigen: foreign substance that triggers an immune system response

Antibodies: proteins capable of responding to specific antigens

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5
Q

Active immunity

A

Antibody production is stimulated without causing actual disease
Eg: vaccine

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6
Q

Passive immunity

A

Antibodies are produced in another human or animal host, protection is limited
-only for a few weeks or months

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7
Q

Example of passive immunity

A

Trans placental transfer of antibodies to the developing fetus

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8
Q

Explain passive immunity with hepatitis B

A

-infant born to infected mother revives HBIg q

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9
Q

Active immunity example Hep B

A

Vaccine for hep B vaccine

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10
Q

Immunologic memory

A

Immune systems ability to remember its experience with an infectious agent

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11
Q

Development of a complete immunologic memory requires participation of both

A

B and T cells

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12
Q

Memory B cell development is dependant on the presentations of antigens by

A

T cells

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13
Q

Introducing a person to a germ creates

A

Immune memory

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14
Q

Her immunity

A

Prevents spread of infection in the community
-indirectly protects people who can’t get vaccinated (infants, immunocompromised, allergic)

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15
Q

Two main types of lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

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16
Q

B cell vs T cell

A

B cells: produce antibodies used to attack invading bacteria, viruses and toxins

T cells: destroy bodies own cells that themselves have been taken over by viruses

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17
Q

Adjuvants

A

Substances added to a vaccine to enhance immune response and extend B and T cell activation

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18
Q

Example of an adjuvant

A

Aluminum

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19
Q

Preservatives

A

Chemicals that may be added to vaccines to prevent serious infections resulting from bacteria or fungal contamination of vaccines

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20
Q

Example of a preservative

A

Thimerosol, phenol

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21
Q

Additives

A

Minute amounts of chemicals used during production process
-prevents contamination

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22
Q

Additives: eggs or yeast proteins

A

Needed for growth of bacteria and viruses

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23
Q

Additives: formaldehyde

A

Used to inactivate viruses or toxins

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24
Q

Additives: potassium or sodium salts

A

Chemicals that support stability

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25
What are preservatives
Chemicals added to vaccines to prevent serious infection in case of bacterial or fungal contamination of the vaccine
26
Do Canadian vaccines use thimerosal?
No most vaccines used in Canada do not contain thimerosal
27
Thimerosal
Preservative -multi dose vials to prevent growth of germs
28
How is thimerosal safe to have in vaccines?
Doesn’t stay in the body for long, doesn’t build up and reach harmful levels
29
What vaccines do NOT and never have contained thimerosal
Measles, mumps and rubella -MMR
30
Measles, mumps and rubella -MMR Varicella, inactivated polio and pneumococcal
31
What type of mercury does thimerosal contain
Ethylmercury
32
What is the difference between ethylmerucy (in thimerosal)
Ethylmercury is cleared from the human body more quickly than methylmercury
33
Formaldehyde is found where naturally in the body
Essential in human metabolism and needed to synthesize DNA and amino acids
34
Where else is formaldehyde found other than humans
Automobile exhaust, household furnishing (carpets and upholstery)
35
Amount of formeldyhyde found in vaccines versus human body naturally
There is significantly less in the vaccine versus in the human body
36
What is the function of aluminum
Help the body build stronger immunity against the germ in vaccines
37
What is the function of gelatin in vaccines
Protects vaccines from adverse condtions such as freeze drying or heat -delivery and transport times
38
Can muslims and jews have vaccines with pork
Yes
39
Is thimerosal exposure related to pervasive developmental disorder prevalence
No
40
What is IMPACT
Paediatric hospital based national active surveillance network for vaccine preventable AEs, vaccine failures and selected infectious disease that are not currently preventable
41
Non live vaccine
Inactivated -contains micro organisms that have been killed but still capable of inducing the body to produce antibodies
42
Toxoid
Toxin treated by heat or chemical to weaken its toxic effects but retains its antigenicity
43
Live virus vaccine
Vaccine contains a microorganism in live, but attenuated or weakened form
44
Recombinant forms
Organism has been genetically altered for use in vaccines
45
Conjugated forms
Altered organism with another substance to increase the immune response
46
Diphtheria and tetanus are what type of vaccine
Toxoid
47
Booster shots are needed for what two vaccines
Diphtheria and tetanus and conjugated
48
Examples of live virus vaccines
MMR, rotavirus, chickenpox, yellow fever
49
Benefits of live vaccines
Create long lasting and strong response
50
Negatives of live vaccines
Don’t travel well - have to be kept cool
51
Examples of recombinant vaccines
Hep B, human papillomavirus, live attenuated influenza
52
Benefits of recombinant and conjugate vaccines
Strong immune response, can be used on people with weakened immune systems
53
Examples of conjugated vaccines
Haemophilia influenza type B, pneumococcal, meningococcal
54
Examples of inactivated vaccines
-influenza -polio -Hep A -rabies
55
Examples of toxoid vaccines
-diphtheria -tetanus -pertussis
56
Examples of live virus vaccines
-measles -mumps -rubella -varicella -rotavirus -influenza nasal spray
57
Examples of recombinant
-Hep B -HPV -shingrix vaccine for shingles -COVID 19
58
Examples of conjugated vaccines
-haemophilus influenza type B -pneumococcal conjugate -meningococcal conjugate
59
What vaccines are given at 2 months
-DTaP IPV Hib HB -pneumococcal conjugate -rotavirus
60
What vaccines are given at 4 months
-DTaP IPV Hib HB -pneumococcal conjugate -meningococcal conjugate -rotavirus
61
What vaccines are given at 6 months
-DTaP IPV Hib HB
62
What vaccines are given 6 months and older
Influenza
63
DTaP
Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis
64
IVP
Inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine
65
Hib
Haemophilus influenza type B, can cause bacterial meningitis for young children
66
Vaccines given at 12 months
-MMR Var -meningococcal conjugate -pneumococcal conjugate
67
Vaccines given at 18 months
DTaP IPV Hib -MMR Var
68
Vaccines given at 4 to 6 years
-DTaP IPV -MMR Var (if not given at 18mo)
69
Vaccines given at grade 6
-Hep B (2 doses 6 months apart) -HPV (2 doses or 3 doses over 6 months)
70
Adult immunization: Tdap
One dose if not previously vaccinated -booster every 10 years
71
Adult immunization: HPV
3 doses for adults up to 26yo if did not receive in school
72
Adult immunization: Hep B
3 doses for unprotected adults born in 1981 or later
73
Adult immunization: MMR
If born 1970 or later and not vaccinated
74
Tetanus —> lockjaw caused by
Caused by clostridium tetani
75
Passive immunity during pregnancy
Transplacental immune globulin transfers from mother to fetus -up to 6 months of life
76
Influenza vaccine not licensed for use prior to __ months of age
6 months
77
Adequate anti pertussis antibodies are only achieved after ___-___ doses of diphtheria
2 -3 doses
78
Tetanus and pertussis needs to be given by ___ months of age
6 months
79
Is pertussis recommended for pregnant women?
Yes, highly recommended as it gives two months of protection
80
What weeks of gestation should Tdap be given
27 and 32 weeks
81
What vaccines are not recommended during breastfeeding
Yellow fever, oral typhoid, BCG, live replicating smallpox vaccine
82
83
The slides compare anaphylaxis after vaccination as the same risk as
Being struck by lightening
84
Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis
Develop over several minutes and involve at least two body systems -itchy rash -swelling around face and mouth -nasal congestion -coughing -labored breathing -difficulty swallowing and hoarders -reduced bp
85
Symptoms of analphylaxis in infants
Fussiness, irritability, drowsiness or lethargy
86
Severe anaphylaxis symptoms
Obstructive swelling of upper airway, marked bronchospasm, and hypotension
87
Risk of hypotension with anaphylaxis
Turn into shock, and patients collapse
88
Risk factors for severe anaphylaxis
Very young or old age, pregnancy, asthma, cardiovascular disease, certain medications (ACE inhibitors, angiotensin, ARB or beta blockers)
89
Anaphylaxis vs syncope: when does it occur
S: within seconds or minutes A: develops over a couple minutes
90
Anaphylaxis vs syncope: what are the symptoms
S: pale, nausea, dizziness, ringing in ears, blurred vision, sweating, rhythmic jerking of limbs A: involves at least 2 body systems
91
Anaphylaxis vs syncope: does unconsciousness occur?
S: recovers in minutes A: not immediately
92
Anaphylaxis vs syncope: how is it treated
S: place in recumbent position A: Epinephrine
93
What is the position someone should be placed into when they experience syncope
Lie down and list his or her legs up in the air
94
Three steps of helping someone who has anaphylaxis
1. Assess circulatory/breathing/mental status and call 911 (ask someone too) 2. Position on back and raise lower extreme ties 3. Inject Epinephrine in thigh (record time of dose and repeat every 5 to 15 minutes)
95
Where should epinephrine be injected in someone with anaphylaxis
Mid anterolaterol aspect of the thigh
96
What are steps 4, 5, 6 for anaphylaxis management
4. Stabilize vaccine 5. Monitor vitals 6. Transfer to hospital for observation
97
Is pre loading vaccine syringes advised?
No as there is uncertainty of vaccine stability in syringes, risk of contamination, increased potential for vaccine administration errors and wastage
98
Factors affecting selection of size of needle and site of administration
-age -volume to be given -viscosity of product -amount of muscle mass -route -unique characteristics -how many products are to be administered -assessment of skin
99
Children less than one year old have _____ immunizations in ______
IM immunizations in the anterolaterol thigh
100
Over one year old can receive immunizations in the _____ muscle for ____
Deltoid, IM
101
Cold chain
Process used to maintain optimal conditions from manufacturer to administration -temperature during transport, storage, and handling
102
Cold chain break
Exposing vaccine to environmental conditions outside of recommendations
103
Three key elements to achieve proper vaccine transport, storage and handling
-trained personnel -proper transportation and storage ‘ -vaccine management procedures
104
Most vaccine products should be stored from
2C to 8C
105
How to reduce pain and anxiety related to immunization
-breastfeeding (before, after, during) -sweet tasting solutions -positioning (skin to skin) -local anaesthetics -oral analgesics -no aspiration -order of administration (most painful last)
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