Immunoglobulin effector function

Question 1

what are the 2 ways T cells provide help to B cells

Answer 1

1) co-stimulatory signal through ligation of CD40 and CD40L
2) secretion of cytokines which aid in the induction of isotype switching

Question 2

what are the 5 immunoglobulin classes

Answer 2

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD

Question 3

All B cells begin by making which immunoglobulin

Answer 3

IgM

Question 4

which immunoglobulins do memory cells produce

Answer 4

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE

Question 5

what is isotype switching

Answer 5

Isotype switching is a crucial process that occurs in B cells during their maturation and differentiation, allowing them to produce antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes (isotypes) while maintaining the specificity for the same antigen.