Immunological Memory

Question 1

What’s the primary immune response

Answer 1

The first time that an individual comes into contact with a particular antigen
It’s slower as there aren’t many specific b cells to produce specific antibodies
The patient will develop symptoms as the pathogen increases in number and damages cells
B and T cells produce memory cells which remain in the body for a long time

Question 2

What’s the secondary immune response

Answer 2

Is when the individual comes into contact with the antigen next time
Clonal selection is much faster , more antibodies are produced in a short amount of time
A rapid response prevents symptoms so the the person is immune
The memory t cells activate and divide into correct type of t cells to kill the pathogen

Question 3

What’s active immunity

Answer 3

-requires exposure to antigen
-takes a while for protection to develop
- immune system makes its own antibodies
-long term affects as the memory cells are produced

Question 4

What’s passive immunity

Answer 4

-given antibodies from elsewhere
-doesn’t require exposure to antigen
-immediate protection
-short term as the memory cells aren’t produced
-no memory cells involved

Question 5

How does a vaccine control diseases

Answer 5

Provides artificial immunity with memory cells
Herd immunity interrupts transmission through people
Ring vaccination - vaccinating all people around victim
It’s difficult for bacteria to spread as most people are immune

Question 6

what’s the herd affect and what does the vaccination control

Answer 6

in a population virus is destroyed unvaccinated people are likely to come into contact with disease
sometimes parents refuse to get children vaccinated
vaccination controls disease : it provides immunity with memory cells most children are vaccinated when young
herd immunity interrupts transmission through a population

Question 7

ethical issues

Answer 7

use of testing animals
testing risk to people in medical trials
side affects
expensive
we don’t know who should get priority first

Question 8

How does vaccination produce antibodies

Answer 8

1. Vaccine contains antigens from the pathogen which is weakened which is detected
2. The phagocyte displays the antigen on its surface
3. T cell with complementary receptor protein binds to antigen
4. The T cell then stimulates complementary b cells
   5.b cell secreted large amounts of antibodies from the plasma cells
5. B cell divides when stimulated by T cell chemicals releasing clones and more antibodies

Question 9

contrast active and passive immunity

Answer 9

Active involves memory cells, passive does not;
2. Active involves production of antibody by plasma cells / memory
3. Passive involves antibody introduced into body from outside / named source;
4. Active long term, because antibody produced in response to antigen;
5. Passive short term, because antibody (given) is broken down;
6. Active (can) take time to develop / work, passive fast acting