Immunology

Question 1

Difference between adaptive and innate?

Answer 1

Innate - immediate, non-specific response
Adaptive - discriminates, has memory

Question 2

How is immune memory important to prevent reinfection

Answer 2

it has a quicker response

Question 3

1st line of defense

Answer 3

skin
mucus membranes
normal flora

Question 4

2nd line of defense

Answer 4

phagocytic white blood cells, fever, inflammation, antimicrobial substances

Question 5

3rd line of defense

Answer 5

specialized lymphobcytes
antibodies

Question 6

What are three main types of white blood leukocytes?

Answer 6

B cells
T cells
NK cells

Question 7

What are three types of phagocytic leukocytes?

Answer 7

nuetrophils
macrophages
dendritic cells

Question 8

What are three types of lymphcytes?

Answer 8

B cells
T cells
NK cells

Question 9

What are 4 cytokines that are produced by ganulocytes and state their functions?

Answer 9

chemokines - allow chemotaxis to site of infection
interferon - antivira, activates inflammatory response
interleukins - growth and differentiation of leukocytes, inflmmatory response
tumor necrosis factors - kill tumor cells

Question 10

How do phagocytes recognize pathogens?

Answer 10

By using pattern receptors that recognize PAMPS:
Toll-like receptor (membrane)
RLR (cytoplasm)
NLR (cytoplasm)

Question 11

What are PAMPS

Answer 11

pathogen associated molecular patterns that are binded by TLR

Question 12

What happens when TLR binds to PAMP?

Answer 12

1. release of inflammatory mediators
2. release of signals to activate the immune response
3. apoptosis

Question 13

What are antimicrobial peptides?

Answer 13

Part of the complement system that destroys any microbe

Question 14

What activates complement system?

Answer 14

C3b protein
mannan-binding lectins (MBL)
antibodies

Question 15

Result of complement system?

Answer 15

inflammation
pore complex
cells get opsonized

Question 16

What is inflammation?

Answer 16

response to trauma or infection that can cause swelling, localized heat, redness, or pain

Question 17

What do cytokines do?

Answer 17

1. increase blood flow to wound
2. cause production of adhesin molecules within capillary
3. make capillary walls porous

Question 18

How is inflammation good?

Answer 18

1. allows phagocytes to get to invaders
2. enhances new capillary growth
3. cytokines cause to fever

Question 19

What is inflammation

Answer 19

1. increase blood flow
2. produce adhesin
3. make capillary wall porous

Question 20

How is inflammation bad

Answer 20

1. fever can become too high
2. too much blood can leave the capillaries
3. clots can occur in the capillaries and lead to organ failure

Question 21

How does a runaway inflammatory response cause septic shock?

Answer 21

extreme clotting leads to organ failure

Question 22

What is the function of cellular and humoral branches of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 22

Cellular: recognizes intracellular invaders
Humoral: produce antibodies

Question 23

What does it mean for a phagocyte to present an antigen

Answer 23

macrophages and dendritic cels presents antigens to T cell to activate adaptive immunity

Question 24

How do you distinguish the roles of Tc cells, Th cells and antibodies

Answer 24

Tc cells release perforin to kill infected cells
Th cells release cytokines to activate B cells and stimulate B cells
antibodies: binds bacteria