Immunology

Question 1

What are the two main immune systems?

Answer 1

Adaptive

Innate

Question 2

Why do we need an immune response?

Answer 2

• Prevent infection
• Prevent cancer
• Remove dead or non-functioning components

Question 3

What are the 5 major classes of pathogens?

Answer 3

• Virus
• Bacterium
• Fungus
• Protozoal parasite
• Multicellular parasite

Question 4

What are physical barrier?

Answer 4

First line of defence

• Skin
• Cilia
• Hair
• Mucosal surface
• Flushing action - urine/tears
• Peristalsis

Question 5

What are the names of the tow layers of the skin?

Answer 5

Epidermis

Dermis

Question 6

Where are sebaceous glands located?

Answer 6

In the skin

Question 7

What does the sebaceous glands produce?

Answer 7

Oil

Question 8

What is advantages of the sebaceous glands producing oil?

Answer 8

Makes it difficult for bacteria to live in and reproduce

Question 9

What is the process desquamation?

Answer 9

Bottom layers of epidermis cells overtime movers to the top where it is shredded off

Question 10

What is good about desquamation?

Answer 10

Never provides a safe surface for pathogens to reproduce on

Question 11

What are the different types of mucosal surfaces?

Answer 11

Intranasal
Sublingual
Oral
Rectal 
Intravaginal

Question 12

Describe the gastric immunity:

Answer 12

• Outer muscular layer = generates gut motility
• Lamina propria mucosa = highly vascularised zone composed of connective tissue
• Plethora of immune cells
• Mucosal epithelium = mucus layar
• Intestinal barrier = thick layer of mucus (matrix embedding secretory immunoglobulin A, antimicrobial peptides, collectins and commensal gut bacteria)

Question 13

What are the chemical defences of the body?

Answer 13

• Lysozyme in tears and other secretions
• Removal of particles by cell in nasopharynx
• Mucus lining trachea
• Stomach = acidic
• Normal flora
• Flushing of urinary tract
• Rapid pH change

Question 14

What is the normal flora?

Answer 14

Microorganisms that live in your body but do not cause harm

Question 15

Where is normal flora found?

Answer 15

Parts of your body exposed or communicate with external environment

Question 16

Give an example of where you can find normal flora:

Answer 16

• Scalp
• Nose
• Teeth
• Throat
• Skin
• Mouth
• Lung
• Intestine
• Urethra and vagina
• Groin and perineum
• Feet

Question 17

What is the order of defence?

Answer 17

1st line: Skin, mucous membrane, chemicals
2nd line: Phagocytosis, complement, interferons, inflammation, fever
3rd line: Lymphocytes, antibodies

Question 18

What are key proteins of the immune system?

Answer 18

• Cytokines
• C-reactive
• Complement activation

Question 19

What are cytokines?

Answer 19

Communication mechanism-cell signalling molecules

Question 20

Can cytokines be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory?

Answer 20

Both

Question 21

What are the different types of cytokines?

Answer 21

• Interleukins
• Interferons
• Chemokines

Question 22

What are types of cytokines associated with activating T-cell - cell mediated response?

Answer 22

• IL-12
• IL-2
• interferon-IFN-y

Question 23

What are types of cytokines associated with immune system activation?

Answer 23

• Tumor Necrosis Factor - TFN-a
• IL-1B
• IL-6

Question 24

What are types of cytokines associated with antibody production - humoral response?

Answer 24

IL-4
IL-5
IL-13

Question 25

What are types of cytokines associated with anti-inflammatory - turn off the cells?

Answer 25

IL-10 | Transforming growth factor - TGF-B