Implementing the EAP

Question 1

Name the four distinct components of a physical examination in athletic training.

Answer 1

Inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.

Question 2

Which physical examination technique involves looking for deformities, contusions, and swelling?

Answer 2

Inspection.

Question 3

Term: Palpation

Answer 3

Touching the injured area to note abnormal findings such as deformity or crepitus.

Question 4

What is the clinical term for the grating sound or feeling produced by fractured bone ends rubbing together?

Answer 4

Crepitus.

Question 5

What type of sound is elicited during the percussion of the thoracic or abdominal cavities?

Answer 5

Tympanic sounds.

Question 6

In an athletic environment, which component of the physical examination is considered the most difficult to perform?

Answer 6

Percussion.

Question 7

Term: Auscultation

Answer 7

Listening to internal body sounds, such as lung sounds, typically using a stethoscope.

Question 8

Define the ‘golden hour’ in trauma management.

Answer 8

The time between the onset of injury and definitive surgical treatment.

Question 9

What is the maximum recommended on-scene time for paramedics when managing a trauma patient?

Answer 9

10 minutes.

Question 10

Failure to see the ‘big picture’ during scene assessment due to an over-focus on the athlete is known as _____.

Answer 10

Tunnel vision.

Question 11

What is the single most effective method for preventing the transmission of infectious diseases?

Answer 11

Hand washing.

Question 12

How long should a provider lather soap over their hands and wrists during hand washing?

Answer 12

At least 15 seconds.

Question 13

Why is the use of vinyl gloves often preferred over latex gloves in athletic training?

Answer 13

To avoid issues related to latex allergies.

Question 14

What is the primary purpose of the primary survey?

Answer 14

To identify and immediately correct life- and limb-threatening injuries.

Question 15

Within what time frame must the primary survey be completed?

Answer 15

Within the first minute.

Question 16

In the primary survey mnemonic ABCDE, what does the ‘A’ represent?

Answer 16

Stabilising the cervical spine and checking the airway.

Question 17

In the primary survey mnemonic ABCDE, what does the ‘B’ represent?

Answer 17

Checking for breathing.

Question 18

In the primary survey mnemonic ABCDE, what does the ‘C’ represent?

Answer 18

Checking for circulation.

Question 19

In the primary survey mnemonic ABCDE, what does the ‘D’ represent?

Answer 19

Checking for neurological disability or applying a defibrillator.

Question 20

In the primary survey mnemonic ABCDE, what does the ‘E’ represent?

Answer 20

Checking the level of exposure.

Question 21

What does the term ‘load and go’ signify in an emergency situation?

Answer 21

EMS is summoned immediately and interventions are performed quickly for a serious injury.

Question 22

If an injured athlete speaks in a clear and normal voice, what can the provider assume about the airway?

Answer 22

The airway is patent.

Question 23

What do abnormal airway sounds such as gurgling or stridor typically indicate?

Answer 23

The presence of a possible foreign body obstruction.

Question 24

What respiratory rates are considered significant causes for concern during the primary survey?

Answer 24

A rate less than 8 or greater than 30 breaths per minute.

Question 25

Term: Cyanosis

Answer 25

A bluish colour of the oral mucosa and nail beds indicating hypoxia.

Question 26

How is capillary refill tested during the circulation check?

Answer 26

Press on the nail bed and note how quickly colour returns after release.

Question 27

What is the normal time limit for colour to return during a capillary refill test?

Answer 27

Within 3 seconds.

Question 28

What is the purpose of the secondary survey?

Answer 28

A complete head-to-toe examination to rule out injuries not apparent during the primary survey.

Question 29

In the pupil examination acronym PERRLA, what do the first three letters represent?

Answer 29

Pupils Equal and Round.

Question 30

In the pupil examination acronym PERRLA, what do the final three letters represent?

Answer 30

Reactive to Light and Accommodation.

Question 31

What is the recommended pulse site for assessing circulation in the lower extremities?

Answer 31

The posterior tibial or dorsal pedal pulse.

Question 32

List the six easily measured vital signs.

Answer 32

Pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, temperature, pulse oximetry, and pain assessment.

Question 33

How often should vital signs be measured for a critically ill or injured athlete?

Answer 33

At least every 3 minutes.

Question 34

What is the normal resting pulse rate range for an adult?

Answer 34

60 to 100 beats per minute.

Question 35

Term: Tachycardia

Answer 35

A heart rate higher than 100 beats per minute.

Question 36

Term: Bradycardia

Answer 36

A heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute.

Question 37

What is the clinical term for a heart rate exceeding 150 beats per minute?

Answer 37

Supraventricular tachycardia.

Question 38

Which artery is most commonly used to determine the pulse rate in children younger than age 6?

Answer 38

The brachial artery.

Question 39

What is the name of the device used to measure blood pressure manually?

Answer 39

Aneroid sphygmomanometer.

Question 40

What are the sounds heard through a stethoscope during blood pressure measurement called?

Answer 40

Korotkoff sounds.

Question 41

Define Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP).

Answer 41

The pressure during ventricular contraction, noted when Korotkoff sounds first reappear.

Question 42

Define Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP).

Answer 42

The pressure during ventricular rest, noted when Korotkoff sounds disappear.

Question 43

Provide the formula for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP).

Answer 43

$\text{MAP} = \frac{\text{SBP} + 2(\text{DBP})}{3}$

Question 44

What is the formula for calculating the normal systolic blood pressure of a child?

Answer 44

$70 + (2 \times \text{age})$

Question 45

A blood pressure cuff's width should cover at least what percentage of the athlete's arm?

Answer 45

0.8

Question 46

In the general population, what systolic blood pressure value is typically considered the threshold for hypotension?

Answer 46

Less than $100\text{ mmHg}$.

Question 47

What is the normal resting respiratory rate range for an adult?

Answer 47

10 to 20 breaths per minute.

Question 48

Term: Bradypnea

Answer 48

A respiratory rate less than 10 breaths per minute.

Question 49

Which abnormal breathing pattern is characterized by an increasing rate and depth followed by periods of apnea?

Answer 49

Cheyne-Stokes respirations.

Question 50

What does the presence of Cheyne-Stokes respirations typically signify?

Answer 50

Significant brain injury.

Question 51

What is the normal core body temperature for a healthy person at rest?

Answer 51

$98.6^{\circ}F$ ($37.0^{\circ}C$).

Question 52

Which temperature measurement site is considered the 'gold standard' for core body temperature?

Answer 52

Rectal.

Question 53

What does pulse oximetry measure?

Answer 53

The percentage of oxyhaemoglobin (oxygen saturation) in the blood.

Question 54

What is the expected pulse oximetry range for a healthy non-smoker?

Answer 54

99% to 100%.

Question 55

At what pulse oximetry percentage is supplemental oxygen typically required?

Answer 55

Values less than 90%.

Question 56

Why might pulse oximetry give a falsely high reading in cases of carbon monoxide exposure?

Answer 56

Carbon monoxide has a higher binding affinity to haemoglobin than oxygen.

Question 57

What is the standard numerical range used for pain assessment scales in adults?

Answer 57

0 to 10.