What does IMRaD mean?
Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion
The first scientific journals appeared in the ____ century, when articles were published mainly in the form of descriptive letters and narrative structured chronologically
17th
Day (1989) argued that it was ____ who invented the first IMRaD-like writing structure in his classic book, Etudes sur la Biere (studies on fermanation), originally published in 1876
Louis Pasteur
Day (1989) argued that it was Louis Pasteur who invented the first IMRaD-like writing structure in his classic book, ____ originally published in 1876
Etudes sur la Biere (studies on fermanation)
IMRaD did not become the “standard” until the ____, when the American national standard for the preparation of scientific papers for written and oral presentation was published in 1972 and again 1979
1970s
Figure 1 in the link
- What’s it about?
- Brief informative, and readily searchanble by a person or a machine
Title
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- What is it in a nutshell?
- Follow the IMRaD logic and highlight the major findings
Abstract
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- Why did you do it?
- The problem, importance, known, unknown, and your research questions/hypotheses/objective
Introduction
Figure 1 in the link
- Where did you do it?
- Why here? Relevance to your study? This may be part of the methods
- Optional
Study site
Figure 1 in the link
- How did you do it?
- Not only methods used, but also justifications for using them
Methods
Figure 1 in the link
- What did you find?
- Summarize findings with headings and informative figures; don’t discuss!
results
Figure 1 in the link
- What does it mean, and so what?
- Results explained? Objectives achieved? Limitations? Implications for future research and application?
Discussion
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- What are your major findings and their significance?
- Don’t simply repeat what has been said in discussion. They may be part of discussion
- Optional
Conclusions
