Industrialisation

Question 1

Why was Collectivisation done?

Answer 1

The country was 2 million tons of grain short by 1928 to feed the workers

Question 2

Failures of Collectivisation

Answer 2

• Millions died in Ukraine and Khazakstan
• Famine 1932-33 , 5m Ukranians died
• When the Nazis invaded the Ukraine in 1941, they were welcomed.
• 18 million horses , 100 million sheep+goats killed by kulaks
• Grain production did not exceed pre-collectivisation levels until 1935
• Meat production did not exceed pre-collectivisation levels until 1953

Question 3

What was GOSPLAN?

Answer 3

A state organisation that oversaw the ☭ Planned Economy ☭

• Set targets for an industry
• Each region got targets
• each region set targets for each mine/factory
• Each mine/factory set targets for each foreman
• Each foreman set targets for each worker’s shift.

Question 4

How was the first 5 year plan a success?

Answer 4

All units in million tonnes.
* Coal: 35.4 -> 64.3
* Pig Iron: 3.3 -> 6.2
* Steel: 4 -> 5.9

Question 5

How was the second 5 year plan a success?

Answer 5

All units in million tonnes.
* Coal: 64.3 -> 128
* Pig Iron: 6.2 -> 14.5
* Steel: 5.9 -> 17.7

Question 6

How did the 5 year plans fail?

Answer 6

• Many targets were not met
• In the first 5 year plan, coal production was 3.7m tons short, steel was 2.4 tons short (5.9/8.3 is a big shortage!)
• In the first 5 year plan, marxist ideology was compromised as foreign firms such as Ford were hired, as Russia wished to use Fordism in their industry.
• In the second 5 year plan, oil fell behind massively(28.5m/46.8m)
• In the second 5 year plan, marxist ideology was compromised as wage incentives were offered for Stakhanovites.

Question 7

How did industrialisation affect workers?

Answer 7

• 100k died in the construction of the Belomor canal
• Had to live up to Stakhanov, who, in 1935 w/ 2 helpers, cut 14 times the average of coal for a shift.
• Secret police introduced internal passports for workers, which prevented free movement

Question 8

How did industrialisation affect peasants?

Answer 8

By 1943, all kulaks were eliminated.
1932-33 famine hit peasants hard.

Question 9

How did industrialisation affect city dwellers?

Answer 9

• Lacked consumer goods.
• Good healthcare, more doctors per capita than Britain.
• Education improved.
• Towns had good sports facilities.

Question 10

How did industrialisation affect women?

Answer 10

• Thousands of new day-care centres created
• Went from 28% of industrial workers in 1927 to 40% in 1937