AP Modern World > Industrialization > Flashcards

Industrialization Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What is the Industrial Revolution?

A

Process of social & economic transformation
Human groups move from from an agrarian society into an industrial one
Mechanized labor (machines replace human or animal labor)

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2
Q

First Industrial Revolution

A

1750 - 1850 - Coal, Iron, Textiles, Railroads

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3
Q

Second Industrial Revolution

A

1850 - 1914 - Oil, Steel, Chemicals, Automobiles, Public Transportation

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4
Q

Third Industrial Revolution

A

1990 - 2010 - Digital Technology, Home Computers, Social Media

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5
Q

Fourth Industrial Revolution

A

2015 - Artificial Intelligence, Automated Machinery

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6
Q

Factors Contributing to Industrialization

A

Scarcity of wood (↓)
Abundance of fossil fuels (coal and oil deposits)
Greater agricultural productivity
- Guano as fertilizer, crop rotation, cotton gin, seed drill, etc.
Waterways (rivers, and increasingly, canals)
Urbanization
Legal protection of property
Access to foreign resources (think imperialism)

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7
Q

Agricultural Revolution 1500-1700

A

British Agricultural Innovations:
- Turnip Townshend - diversify crops (potatoes, turnips)
Jethro Tull - seed drill - more efficient planting
- Robert Bakewell - Breeding larger livestock
- Enclosures – larger commercial farming
Effects?
- Population Growth
- Landless peasants

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8
Q

Jethro Tull

A

Increased wheat crops by planting seed deep in the soil rather than scattering it.

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9
Q

Impact on the Labor Force

A

Enclosure system
Put small farms out of business
Population explosion
Excess of workers
Forced to move to cities.

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10
Q

Innovations in Farming

A

The Enclosure System

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11
Q

The enclosure system

A

Large landowners “closed off” from peasants
Creates more efficient, profitable commercial farms
Need for fewer peasant farmers

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12
Q

India’s De-Industrialization

A
  • Agriculture, cotton (calico), and textile production was much cheaper and higher quality in India & China was much more productive than Britain in 1750.
  • 1707 Turning Point w/India -> Weakened Mughal Empire & expansive British East India Company become dominant (esp. After Seven Years War, recruit local Sepoy into army)
  • Britain slaps tariffs on India to help domestic industries
  • Britain benefits from cotton gin in US to get cheaper cotton to undercut Indian textiles
  • Britain annexes Indian in 1858 after Great Revolt and controls Indian economic activities.
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13
Q

Anthropocene

A

The current geological age, “when humans became aware not only that natural resources of all kinds were becoming scarce because of human action, but also that humans were partially responsible for driving animal species to extinction.”

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14
Q

The Silent Highwayman

A

1858
Thames River
“Great Stink”
“Death rows on the Thames, claiming the lives of victims who have not paid to have the river cleaned up.”

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15
Q

Ind Rev & Standards of Living: Aristocracy

A

Land-ownership continued to be profitable
- Leased land to tenant farmers, hired agricultural workers
- Urbanization → demand for food products
HOWEVER, was no longer dominant form of wealth in the 19th century
Political Influence
- Held positions in Parliament
- Colonial administration in British Empire

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16
Q

Ind Rev & Standards of Living: Middle Class

A

Businessmen: bankers, factory owners, mine owners
Doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, journalists
Political Liberals -> social reform within limits*
- Reform Bill of 1832
Middle Class culture was self-defined as:
- Hard work
- Morality
- Respectability
- Cleanliness
Middle Class belief that if you’re poor and struggling, it’s your fault

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17
Q

Reform Bill of 1832

A

voting rights to middle-class men

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18
Q

Ind Rev & Standards of Living: Middle Class Women

A

Women to make home a refuge from the harsh realities of industrial capitalism
Cult of Domesticity
Early 19th century: middle class women did NOT work, male = provider
Late 19th century: middle class women as teachers, nurses

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19
Q

Cult of Domesticity

A

Homemaking
Child-rearing
Refined entertainment: embroidery, music

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20
Q

Ind Rev & Standards of Living: Lower Middle Class

A

Service sector
- Salespeople, bank tellers, hotel staff, secretaries, telephone operators, police officers
Were you in the middle OR lower middle class?
- Service industries
- Domestic servants
Middle Class = consumers of manufactured goods

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21
Q

Ind Rev & Standards of Living: Laboring Classes

A

1851: majority of England’s population lived in towns and cities
- Poor living conditions
- Tenements
- Poor sanitation
- Polluted water
- Cholera epidemics
Gendered hierarchy of labor
- Male overseers, young girls and unmarried women operating machines
- Children (1788, ⅔ iof textile workers were children)
- Low wages
Female employment outside of factories
- Domestic workers
- Laundress

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22
Q

Luddites

A

People who opposed the adoption of industrial technology
Were they that crazy?
- Labor unions were illegal, 1799
- “Collective bargaining”?

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23
Q

Labor Unions

A

Friendly Societies”
- Social welfare
1824: trade unions legalized in Britain
- Wanted better wages and working conditions
- Strikes, violence, collective bargaining

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24
Q

Robert Owen & Karl Marx

Study These Flashcards
A

Capitalism (laissez-faire or free market) does not distribute wealth and property equally, nor to socialists, fairly
Felt need for economic system in which the state takes from each according to their abilities and provides to each according to their needs.
Robert Owen = utopian socialism
Karl Marx = revolutionary socialism

25
Marx’s Revolutionary Socialism
Scientific Socialist = uncovering the laws of historical change through Hegelian Dialectic - History = a story of class struggle - Industrial Revolution moving toward an inevitable and ultimate class between classes that will be the end of history. His theory of historical change: - Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat - Laborers have been exploited - Proletariat will take control of means of production and wealth and property will be shared - Classless society, workers paradise results In reality nationalism has more appeal than social class and would become dominant idea of 19th century
26
Labour Party & Social Democracy
Socialist political parties sprang up, linked together internationally, BUT 1890s Labour Party - Advocated for reform, not revolution - Peaceful, through the democratic process and existing system Working and living conditions were improving slowly - Some governments were already responding to worker demands (see next slide) - Wages rose (labor union pressure) - Food was getting cheaper (imported) Nationalism hasn’t gone away…
27
Adam Smith: Laissez Faire Capitalism
Invisible Hand - Creates the most efficient economic system Self Interest and competition are good for everyone Law of Supply and Demand
28
Capitalism
An economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit
29
Socialism
Industrial Capitalism led to: - Unfair distribution of benefits - Its own inevitable collapse Inevitable rise fo society in which the state takes from each according to their abilities and provides to each according to their needs
30
How did industrialization in Europe/the U.S. affect Japan?
Japanese had to compete with cheap textile products from more mature industrialized countries in Europe + the U.S. In order to keep their prices competitive they had to keep wages low 1905: Japan annexes Korea
31
How did industrialization in Europe affect Egypt?
Emphasis on importing British technology and learning from industrialized countries Ottoman Rule → greater autonomy under Muhammad Ali → British influence
32
How did industrialization in Europe affect India?
Weakening of the Mughal Empire + growing presence of the EIC (British East India Company) EIC directed production of cash crops… - Opium - RAW cotton
33
How did industrialization in Europe affect India?
British merchants called the shots - EIC merchants recruited soldiers (sepoys) - Local politics + signed treaties giving political positions and taxation powers - Called for taxes in the form of silver (previously, Indians could pay taxes in food products like rice) Decrease in production of textiles from handlooms Less diversity in agricultural production (less rice) - Famines - Rising price of food
34
Industrialization in the U.S.
Business Practices - Interchangeable parts - Assembly lines - All about efficiency (“scientific management” or “Taylorism”) - Emergence of BIG business -> Ex. Carnegie Steel Government Involvement - Sold government lands to railroad companies - Few restrictions on businesses
35
Industrialization & Standards of Living in the U.S.
Growth in advertising - Middle class consumer culture Ford, Carnegie, Rockefeller as cultural heroes Uneven improvements in standard of living BUT higher on average than industrial European societies
36
American Reactions to Industrialization (calls for change)
LABOR ORGANIZATION - Ex. Carnegie Steel Mills, Homestead Strike, 1892 - Labor Unions gain strength and respect over time --Not as radical as European unions --Labor unions weren’t open to everyone --Immigration and diversity hindered working class solidarity
37
American Reactions to Industrialization (calls for change)
PROGRESSIVE ERA Regulation of big business Standardized workday hours, wages, safety measures Focus on assimilation of immigrants Reframing American values—setting people free from what’s holding them back
38
Industrialization in Russia: Context
Social stratification - 1861: serfs emancipated but economic inequality remained - Some nobles were westernized No legislative body, Tsar divinely inspired - “Transformation from above” --Ex. Peter the Great Failure in the Crimean War (1854 - 1856) Failure in the Russo-Japanese War (1904 - 1905)
39
Russia Reactions to Industrialization
Workers, small population, but distinctive class consciousness Social Democratic Labour Party (1898) - Illegal union - More political parties to spring up 1905 Revolution: Workers in Moscow and St. Petersburg went on strike - Created representative councils called soviets
40
Russian Reactions to Industrialization: Outcomes of the 1905 Revolution
Reforms - Constitution - Labor unions and political parties become legal - Duma (national assembly to advise the king) - Censorship was weakened BUT, reforms weren’t enough - Resentment brewed - Socialism took root through greater exchange of ideas (thanks to weakening of censorship
41
Industrialization in Latin America: Context
Revolutions - Conservatives vs. Liberals --Emergence of the caudillos - Creole white men held many resources --Some emergence of a middle class --Most labored in subsistence farming
42
Industrialization in Latin America
Export Boom - Steamships & underwater telegraph lines - Provided food and raw materials to industrializing countries --Also operated as a market for manufactured goods
43
American and European Investment in Latin america
American business interest in oil in Mexico Focus on building railroads to move raw materials
44
Impact on Social Structure & Living Conditions in Latin America
Some public health improvements Urbanization - Ex. Buenos Aires Recruitment of Europeans Who benefited from this economic shift? - Upper class landowners - Small middle class (8% of the population) Lower class grew - Women and children partook in field work
45
Calls for Change In Latin America
Labor unions emerged but met with violent suppression - Strikes → massacres, sometimes aided by U.S. when they threatened American business interests - Ex. 1906 AZ troops aid Porfirio Diaz Cananea strike Mexican Revolution - Removes Porfirio Diaz from power - Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata - OUTCOMES: universal male suffrage, land redistribution, separation of church and state, minimum wage and an eight-hour workday, restrictions on foreign ownership of property
46
How did industrialization in the U.S. affect Latin America?
Large scale industrialization didn’t happen Exporting was working -- little incentive for switching to manufacturing - Would be hard to compete with manufactured goods from the U.S. and Europe Dependent Development: economic growth financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions (viewed as a new form of colonialism
47
Samuel Smiles Self Help
An enterprising spirit was what distinguished the prosperous middle class from Britain’s poor Poorer classes created misery as a result of idleness, thriftlessness, intemperance, misconduct
48
Ideology of Domesticity
Defined homemaking, child rearing, charitable endeavors, and refined activities as the proper sphere for women while paid employment and public sphere was for men
49
Bolshevik
Revolution of 1917 brought power to htem Radical socialist group Inspired by Marx Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) - Led Bolshevik revolution
50
Caudillos
conflicts between factions, often violent, enable military strongmen
51
Haciendas
Plantations of well-to-do Many blacks, Indians, mixed races worked on
52
Caste War of Yucatan
A prolonged struggle for the Maya people of Mexico aimed at cleansing their land of European and mestizo intruders
53
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna of Mexico
President of his country at least nine separate times between 1833 and 1855 Leader of caudillos
54
Porfirio Diaz
Mexican dictator who invited the Arizona Rangers to suppress a strike at Cananea - Resulted in dozens of deaths
55
Emiliano Zapata
Leader of revolt to get rid of Diaz Intent of seizing land and redistributing to peasants Most radical elements seized power Unable to do anything long term because hobbled by factionalism and focused on regional issues
56
Mexican Revolution
Revolution to oust Daz After mexico created a new constitution provided universal male suffrage ,produced redistribution of land,stripped catholic church of any rile in public education and forbade it to own land, announced rights for workers, planned restriction of foreign property ownership
57
Dependent development
A new form of colonialism expressed in the power exercised by foreign investors United Fruit Company - pressured government for favorable condition to us business
58
Panama Canal
US controlled
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