Infancy

Question 1

What occurs with infant motor development of newborn reflexes?

Answer 1

• Survival reflexes are adaptive (breathing, eye-blinking)

- Primitive reflexes are less adaptive and typically disappear in early infancy (grasping, babinski)

Question 2

Identify and describe the two trends of infancy motor development

Answer 2

• Cephalocaudal (from head to toe) - babies start with their head and lifting their head before crawling etc
• Proximodistal (from proximal to distal) - internal or centre to outer

Question 3

What is the order of milestones of motor development?

Answer 3

• lift head (~1 months)
• push chest up with arms (~2.5 months)
• Sit up without assistance (~6.5 months)
• Pull self up to stand (~7 months)
• Stand well alone (~11 months)
• Walk well alone (~13 months)

Question 4

What is habituation?

Answer 4

• the process of learning to be bored with a stimulus (shows same visual stimulus, infant is bored and looks away)
• habituation can be used to test for discrimination of stimuli

Question 5

What is preferential looking?

Answer 5

• infants prefer to look at complex rather than dull scenes

- contrasting of black and white panels experiment

Question 6

What is evoked potentials?

Answer 6

Researchers can assess how an infants brain responds to stimulation by measuring its electrical conductivity

Question 7

What is operate conditioning?

Answer 7

• Infants can learn to respond to a stimulus if they are reinforced for the response
  (to suck faster or slower or to turn their head)

Question 8

What do infants lack in vision at birth?

Answer 8

lack of acuity

Question 9

What are infants visual preferences?

Answer 9

• Attracted to patterns that have light-dark transitions or contour
• Attracted to displays that are dynamic rather than static
• Young infants prefer to look at whatever they can see well
• Around 2 or 3 months a breakthrough begins to occur in the perception of forms

Question 10

What qualities of hearing does infants have present at birth?

Answer 10

• can hear better than they can see
• can localise noises
• prefer relatively complex auditory stimuli
• can discriminate among sounds differ in loudness, duration, direction and frequency/pitch

Question 11

Why does the visual system require stimulation early in life?

Answer 11

• to develop normally and influence auditory perception skills
• early visual deficits can affect later visual perception

Question 12

What is Piagets first sensorimotor stage?

Answer 12

Reflex activity (birth-1 month)

Question 13

What occurs in the reflex activity stage?

Answer 13

reflective reaction to internal and external stimulation

Question 14

What is Piagets second sensorimotor stage?

Answer 14

Primary circular reactions (1-4months)

Question 15

What occurs in the primary circular reactions stage?

Answer 15

infants repeat actions relating to their own bodies

Question 16

What is Piagets third sensorimotor stage?

Answer 16

Secondary circular responses (4-8 months)

Question 17

What occurs in the secondary circular responses stage?

Answer 17

responsive actions involving something in the infants external environment

Question 18

What is Piagets fourth sensorimotor stage?

Answer 18

Co-ordination of secondary schemes (8-12months)

Question 19

What occurs in the coordination of secondary schemes stage?

Answer 19

secondary actions are coordinated in order to achieve simple goals (i.e. pushing or grasping)

Question 20

What is Piagets fifth sensorimotor stage?

Answer 20

Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)

Question 21

What occurs in the tertiary circular reactions stage?

Answer 21

experimentation; actions are repeated with variations

Question 22

What is Piagets sixth sensorimotor stage?

Answer 22

Beginning of thought (18 months)

Question 23

What occurs in the beginning of thought stage?

Answer 23

symbolic thought permits mental representation, imitation and recall

Question 24

When does object permanence develop?

Answer 24

sensorimotor period

Question 25

What is the development of object permanence for 4-8 months?

Answer 25

out of sight out of mind

Question 26

What is the development of object permanence for 8- 12 months?

Answer 26

make the A not B error (error that something exists although it cannot be seen but searches for the object in the previous spot rather than the new spot)

Question 27

What is the development of object permanence by 18 months?

Answer 27

object permanence has been mastered

Question 28

At what age does the emotion of joy and laughter show?

Answer 28

3-4 months

Question 29

At what age does the emotion of wariness show?

Answer 29

4 months

Question 30

At what age does the emotion of fear show?

Answer 30

5-8 months

Question 31

At what age do infants discover they can cause things to happen?

Answer 31

first 2 -3 months

Question 32

What sense of self do infants have after 6 months?

Answer 32

infants realise they and other people are separate beings with different perspectives, ones that can be shared

Question 33

What sense of self do infants have at around 18 months?

Answer 33

infants recognise themselves visually as distinct individuals

Question 34

What is the experiment for self?

Answer 34

lewis and Brooks-gun: rogue test

Question 35

What is the psychoanalytic attachment type?

Answer 35

I love you because you feed me

Question 36

What is the learning attachment type?

Answer 36

I love you because you are reinforcing

Question 37

What is the cognitive attachment type?

Answer 37

I love you because i know you

Question 38

What is the ethological attachment type?

Answer 38

I love you because i was born to love

Question 39

Who are the key figures in attachment theory?

Answer 39

``` John Bowlby - father Mary Ainsworth (his student) ```

Question 40

What is phase 1 of Attachment development?

Answer 40

(birth - 2months) Indiscriminate sociability

Question 41

What is phase 2 of Attachment development?

Answer 41

(2-7months) attachments in the making, increasing preference for familiar carers

Question 42

What is phase 3 of Attachment development?

Answer 42

(7-24months) specific, clear cut attachments, seperation and stranger anxiety

Question 43

What is phase 4 of Attachment development?

Answer 43

(24months+) goal-coordinated partnerships

Question 44

What is seperation anxiety?

Answer 44

Once attached to a parent, a baby often becomes wary or fretful when separated from that parent (peaks between 14-18 months)

Question 45

What is stranger anxiety?

Answer 45

Once attached to a parent, a baby often becomes wary or fretful reaction to the approach of an unfamiliar person (common between 8-10months)