Infectious Causes

Question 1

What is the new and better name for Kennel Cough?

Answer 1

Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex

CIRD

Question 2

Viral causes of CIRD (major)

Answer 2

• parainfluenza
• adenovirus 2
• CIV**
• distemper
• coronavirus**

Question 3

Bacterial causes of CIRD (major)

Answer 3

• Bordetella bronchiseptica **
• Mycoplasma group **
• Strep equi

Question 4

Resp PCR Panels are

Answer 4

Best bargain

but…

• no correlation between CS and +
• herd health
• prolonged cases

*still better than random nasal culture swabs

Question 5

CIRD

• incubation
• shedding
• transmission
• dx

Answer 5

incubation < 1 wk

Shedding - most ~2 wks

Aerosol, direct, fomites

Dx:

• CS
• Further dx
• systemic illness
• herd health
• significant comorbidities
• cadillac

Question 6

CIRD - Treatment

Answer 6

Pretty much like us… Supportive Care

If its goes on >10days or is systemic, should start Abx (Doxy)

• if you culture and its Bord –> Doxy
• if you don’t culture –> use more broad spectrum
• avoid antivirals

Question 7

CO is endemic for _____

Answer 7

influenza

Question 8

Whats crazy about Bordetella?

Answer 8

Can shed for weeks to months!

*Subclinical carrier state

Question 9

Treatment for Bodetellosis

Answer 9

Abx

• If you test and its Bord –> Doxy to treat systemic
• if you don’t sample and its systemic –> use more broad-spectrum

Question 10

Different kinds of vaccines (route) for Bordetella. How frequent should we be vaccinating?

Answer 10

Annually is usually okay

If they are high-risk probably give more often (bi-annual)

Question 11

Whats the old vs new Canine Influenza subtypes?

Answer 11

Old = H3N8

New = H3N2 (spreading)

Question 12

Canine influenza

Mortality, morbidity, CS

Answer 12

High morbidity

Low mortality

CS: 
HIGH fever (103.5), chronic cough (14-21 days), peracute cases: hemorrhagic pneumonia

Question 13

CIV (H3N8) - Shedding

Answer 13

Usually have been shedding a whole day before CS appear

Question 14

Dx for influenza?

Answer 14

Cornell Dx Lab –> Tests for both H3:N8 and H3:N2 for $30
- Hemaglutination Inhibition (Serology)
○ ANTIBODY detection
○ Send serum samples –> best to send paired (more than one) to see if there is an increase in Abs

Question 15

Infleunza and PCR

Answer 15

False-negatives

Shedding peaks before we see pet in clinic

Question 16

Influenza

Prevention

Answer 16

Enveloped RNA - wimp!
bleach and quaternary ammonium compounds should take care of it

Isolate suspects

Question 17

Should we vaccinate for influenza?

Answer 17

Endemic in CO

Killed vaccine so 2 doses to be effective

*administer 1st one month before high risk (boarding, travel)

Question 18

Viral infections usually stay around for about 14 days… how is H3N2 different?

Answer 18

stays about 21 days

Question 19

Is Mycoplasma a primary upper resp pathogen?

Answer 19

we don’t know

Question 20

Whats different about Mycoplasma?

What drugs can we use?

Answer 20

No cell walls!

Use:

Doxy (confirmed PCR+)

others:
Fluoroquinolones
Azithromycin
Clindamycin

Question 21

Is there a vaccine for Coronavirus, mycoplasma, or Strep?

Answer 21

Nope

Question 22

Nasal Mites!

• what’s the parasite’s name?
• Dx?
• Tx?

Answer 22

• Pneumonyssoides
• Dx = trial treatment
• Tx:
  milbemycin
  ivermectin (high dose)
  selamectin

Question 23

Primary viral infections - feline URTD

Answer 23

• herpesvirus (eyes)
• calicivirus (oral)

Often these are chronic

Question 24

Primary bacterial infections - Feline URTD

Answer 24

• Bordetella bronchiseptica
• Chlamydophila felis
• Mycoplasma spp

Question 25

Primary fungal - feline URTD

Answer 25

Cryptococcus (chronic) Sinonasal/Sino-orbital aspergillosis (mainly chronic()

Question 26

Herpes hits _____ Calicivirus hits ______

Answer 26

Herpes = eyes Calicivirus = oral cavity - virulent strain --> edema face and limbs

Question 27

Feline Chronic URTD - DX

Answer 27

Workup in phases - don't want to spend a ton of money right away 1) cytology for fungal 2) simple tests for underlying dz 3) oral exam 4) PCR - take with grain of salt if those dont work... 1) imaging 2) dental exam 3) scopes 4) deep tissue cultures 5) biopsies

Question 28

Feline URTD Viral Dx

Answer 28

- Clinical signs (common) - PCR for herpes - RT-PCR for Calici * Vaccines will show in PCR --> take with a grain of salt - serology sucks

Question 29

Tx for confirmed Herpes

Answer 29

Famcyclovir Some may use Lysine - but don't know how well it really works

Question 30

Common 1st line Empiric Abx for URTD

Answer 30

Doxy - SUSPENSION!!

Question 31

Chronic Rhino Sinusitis (CRS: I can't find a primary treatable cause) What do we do?

Answer 31

``` humidification anti-histamines meloxicam/apoquel? HA diet/tx Topical therapy prenisolone ```

Question 32

"Roman Nose in a cat.... most common fungi? Dx? Tx?

Answer 32

Space-occupying mass Cryptococcus!!! Dx: See organism on cytology Tx: Fluconazole

Question 33

Most common organism responsible for Canine sinonasal mycosis?

Answer 33

Aspergillus fumigatus Tx debated

Question 34

Canine SNA CS? Dx?

Answer 34

CS: depigmentation of nose | normal commensal! Dx: AGID (Ab!)

Question 35

Feline Lower Airway Dx

Answer 35

Hyperreactive or inflammatory Dx: Ab + Ag Tx: Doxy Parasitic: inappropriate immune or primary Bacterial: secondary

Question 36

LAD Protozoal Bacterial

Answer 36

Protozoal: - toxo gondii - neospora caninum Primary bacti: - bordetella - mycoplasma - strep zooepid - yersinia pestis

Question 37

Respiratory Fungi Pulmonary - Dogs and Cats

Answer 37

``` Histoplasma - Missouri Coccidioides - SW Blastomyces - Missouri ```

Question 38

Blastomycosis - BELLS

Answer 38

Bone, eyes, lungs, lymph nodes, skin

Question 39

Histoplasmosis

Answer 39

Fungal organisms inhaled from contaminated soil (bird and bat manure) - Fungi sets up shop in lungs but can also enter bloodstream and effects different areas of body (bone marrow and eyes) - Signs vary and depend on where the fungi travels to (e.g. eyes, GI, bm)

Question 40

Coccidiomycosis

Answer 40

Arizona! (Sonoran zone) Clinical: - resp - hilar lymph nodes Dx: (hard!) - use titers

Question 41

Look at slide 87 for cytology

Answer 41

*

Question 42

Treating systemic fungal infections

Answer 42

Hard - fungi is very close to humans (egosterol and cholesterol) Super expensive

Question 43

Empirical Abx for pneumonia

Answer 43

Usually just use potentiated penicillin | slide 91

Question 44

Pleural infections - treatment?>

Answer 44

You MUST Culture! Aerobic and Anaerobic!