Inflamation

Question 1

What are the symptoms of acute inflammation?

Answer 1

• swelling and redness
• heat and fever
• pain
• loss of function

Question 2

What are the major cell mediators of acute inflammation?

Answer 2

• Neutrophils
• Macrophages
• Mast cells
• Endothelial cells

Question 3

What are the major secreted mediators of inflammation?

Answer 3

-TNF -a
- IL-6
- IL-1
- Acute phase proteins

Question 4

What prostaglandins are important with acute inflammatory?

Answer 4

• PGE2 (can sensitise nerves to pain)
• PGE2PGI2 (involved in vasodilation)
• PGE2 (involved in fever)

Question 5

What PAMP/PRRs are involved as apart of recognition?

Answer 5

• innate cell recognition of pathogens
  -macrophages and neutrophils
  -mast cells
  -TLRs and other PRRS

Question 6

What do DAMPS do at recognition?

Answer 6

• innate cell recognition of damage
• damage associated molecular protein
• immune system should only see them when damage has occurred

Question 7

How does redness and heat occur?

Answer 7

• IL-1 and TNF-a
• capillaries closer to the surface ( increase in redness and heat)

Question 8

How does swelling occur?

Answer 8

• chemokines
  -cellular infiltration of infection/damage
• upregulation of adhesion molecules on endothelia (IL-4)

Question 9

What happens at the acute phase response of acute inflamation?

Answer 9

• pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6) lead to downregulation and upregulation of hundreds of proteins
• release of acute-phase protiens from liver

Question 10

How does complement effect inflamation?

Answer 10

• C3a (mast cell activation/degranulation)
• C4a (mast cell activation)
• C5 a (chemotaxis/ vasodilation/ neutrophil and mast cell activation/degranulation)

Question 11

What acute phase proteins are released during inflamation?

Answer 11

• haptoglobin (binds to haemoglobin/ prevents bacteria requiring iron from gaining it)
• fibrinogen (potential damage to tissues/ generates fibrin threads/ clot can block pathogen)

Question 12

How is pain caused during inflamation?

Answer 12

• serotonin and bradykinin stimulate nerve endings causing pain

Question 13

What does the hypersecretion of cytokines during sepsis and toxic shock create?

Answer 13

positive feedback loop

Question 14

What causes chronic inflammation?

Answer 14

• T cells important
• Pathogens or non-pathogens
• can be Th1/ Th2/Th17

Question 15

How is acute inflammation resolved?

Answer 15

• short-half life proinflammatory mediatory
• production of pro-inflammatory prostaglandin and chemokines stops
  -stops neutrophil migration
• existing neutrophils are phagocytosed by macrophages
• major change in cell types (Tregs - CD4+ produce anti-inflammatory cytokines)

Question 16

What does CD4+ cells secrete to have an anti-inflammatory effect?

Answer 16

• Downregulation of Th1 cytokine production
• Downregulation of MHC class 11
• Downregulation of co-stimulatory molecules
  SECREATION OF IL-10 AND/OR TGF-B