usually located in the cell walls of bacteria, or in the outer coating of other foreign organisms. can also be an unusual peptide produced by a tumor cell.

Live for days to weeks. Phagocytes Long finger like processes: ingest particles and extracellular fluid by macropinocytosis. If they encounter a microorganism, they mature into cells capable of activating T lymphocytes = Antigen presenting cells

Reside in tissue mainly near small blood vessels. Function is similar and complementary to that of eosinophils and basophils. Release histamine and heparin which are involved in inflammation. Phagocytes Are involved in allergic responses.

Function is similar and complementary to that of eosinophils and mast cells. Release histamine and heparin which are involved in inflammation. Heparin initiates the production of a hormone – bradykinin Bradykinin causes dilation of blood vessels Histamine increases vascular permeability Phagocytes Are involved in allergic responses

Involved mostly in defense against parasitic infections. Secrete highly toxic proteins and free radicals that are highly effective in killing bacteria and parasites. Phagocytes Along with mast cells causes Inflammation and is involved

Each B cell carries a different antigen receptor (B cell receptor) on its surface. B cell receptor (BCR) is a surface antibody (or immunoglobulin) When BCR binds to its antigen it activates the B lymphocyte Activated B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells or memory cells. Plasma cells produce antibodies Natural killer (NK) cell Involved in the early phase of host defense to pathogen. Have the capacity to recognize the surface changes that occur on a variety of tumor and virally infected cells. Unlike killer T cells, they do not have antigen-specific receptors. “Killing” method same as that of Killer T cells. Release granules that kill some virus-infected cells by causing lysis of the infected cell. Lysis refers to the disintegration of a cell by disruption of its plasma membrane. Secretes cytokines Cytokine: immunoregulatory proteins important in cell signalling –any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, which are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells.

Involved in the early phase of host defense to pathogen. Have the capacity to recognize the surface changes that occur on a variety of tumor and virally infected cells. Unlike killer T cells, they do not have antigen-specific receptors. “Killing” method same as that of Killer T cells. Release granules that kill some virus-infected cells by causing lysis of the infected cell. Lysis refers to the disintegration of a cell by disruption of its plasma membrane. Secretes cytokines

1. Origin of all blood cells 2. Site of maturational processing of B lymphocytes

Inflammation Flashcards by Lethibe Mokgwadi

Pathogens

s any foreign organism (not a part of the body) that invades or is
present inside the body.
* can cause harm to the body and affects normal functioning.
* can cause disease

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Differences in below:

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungus
Parasite

Virus: non-living particles with RNA or DNA only & rely on living cell, Eg: Cold, flu, HIV, chicken pox, COVID, gastroenteritis

Bacteria: Single-cell organism without a nucleus own survival and reproduction. Eg: TB, Cholera, pneumonia

Fungus: Single cell organism including and yeast that grow as single cells or thread like filamensts. EgL Ringworms, candidiasis

Parasite: Single cell organism with a nucleus that lives in host organism at expense of host. Eg: Malaria

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Antigens?

antigen = antibody generator

is not an organism, but rather, a molecule attached to a foreign organism that activates an antibody response

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Antigen site

usually located in the cell walls of bacteria, or in the outer coating of other foreign organisms.

can also be an unusual peptide produced by a tumor cell.

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Why is the immune system non-reactive against self-antigens?

The immune system is usually non-reactive against “self” antigens under
normal homeostatic conditions due to negative selection of immune cells
in the thymus and is supposed to identify and attack only “non-self”
invaders from the outside world or modified/harmful substances present
in the body under distressed conditions.

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Negative selection and self-tolerate

Negative selection deletes potentially self-reactive immune cells, thereby
generating a repertoire of immune cells that is largely self-tolerant

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Different physical barriers and its role in protecting the body
against foreign pathogens

START TOP GOING DOWN

Tears (First line of defense)
-Wash away irritating substances and microbes
-Lysozyme kills many bacteria
Saliva
-Washes microbes from the teeth and mucus membranes of the mouth
Skin
-Provides a physical barrier to the entrance of microbes
-Acidic pH discourages the growth of organisms
-Sweat, oil and fatty acid secretions kill many bacteria
Respiratory tract
-Mucus traps organisms
-Cilia sweep away trapped organisms
Stomach
-Acid kills organisms
Large intestine
-Normal bacterial inhabitants keep invaders in check
Bladder
-Urine washes microbes form urethra

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Describe the cells of the immune system and the role and function in the
immune response

Never Let Dead Monkeys Eat Moist Bananas

Neutrophils
Lymphocyte(NTB)
Dendritic
Monocyte/Macrophages
Eosinophil
Mast
Basophil

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Neutrophils

*Short-lived cells ~ 5 days
* Phagocytes
* Antigen-presenting cells to memory T helper cells.
* Destroy microorganisms with granules (contain lysozyme &
other degradative enzymes).
* Release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).
* Very effective at killing bacteria.

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Types of lymphocytes?

T-cell
NK-cell
B-cells

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Types and functions of T-cells?

Killer/Cytotoxic T Cell (TC):
Destruction of host cells infected with viruses or other
intracellular pathogens
Helper T Cells (TH):
Directs the immune system by secreting cytokine
Memory T Cells (TM)
Provide long–lasting immunity
Suppressor/Regulator T Cells (TS/R) Suppress activity of other lymphocytes to control immune responses

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Dendritic?

Live for days to weeks.
Phagocytes
Long finger like processes: ingest particles and
extracellular fluid by macropinocytosis.
If they encounter a microorganism, they
mature into cells capable of activating T
lymphocytes = Antigen presenting cells

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Monocytes/Macrophages?

Monocytes live for 1-3 days in blood
Macrophages live for a long time (months) in tissue
Phagocytes
Antigen presenting cells
Orchestrate immune responses: induce inflammation, secrete signaling proteins (cytokines) to activate
lymphocytes and other phagocytes.

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Monocytes/Macrophages?

Monocytes live for 1-3 days in blood
Macrophages live for a long time (months) in tissue
Phagocytes
Antigen presenting cells
Orchestrate immune responses: induce inflammation, secrete signaling proteins (cytokines) to activate
lymphocytes and other phagocytes.

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Mast cell?

Reside in tissue mainly near small blood vessels.
Function is similar and complementary to that of
eosinophils and basophils.
Release histamine and heparin which are involved in
inflammation.
Phagocytes
Are involved in allergic responses.

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Basophils?

Function is similar and complementary to that of
eosinophils and mast cells.
Release histamine and heparin which are involved
in inflammation.
Heparin initiates the production of a hormone –
bradykinin
Bradykinin causes dilation of blood vessels
Histamine increases vascular permeability
Phagocytes
Are involved in allergic responses

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Eosinophils ?

Involved mostly in defense against parasitic infections.
Secrete highly toxic proteins and free radicals that are
highly effective in killing bacteria and parasites.
Phagocytes
Along with mast cells causes Inflammation and is
involved

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B-lymphocytes?

Each B cell carries a different antigen receptor (B cell receptor) on its surface.
B cell receptor (BCR) is a surface antibody (or immunoglobulin)
When BCR binds to its antigen it activates the B lymphocyte
Activated B cells multiply and
differentiate into plasma cells or memory cells.
Plasma cells produce antibodies Natural killer (NK) cell
Involved in the early phase of host defense to pathogen.
Have the capacity to recognize the surface changes that occur on a variety of
tumor and virally infected cells.
Unlike killer T cells, they do not have antigen-specific receptors.
“Killing” method same as that of Killer T cells.
Release granules that kill some virus-infected cells by causing lysis of the infected cell. Lysis refers to the
disintegration of a cell by disruption of its
plasma membrane.
Secretes cytokines
Cytokine: immunoregulatory proteins important in cell signalling –any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth
factors, which are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have
an effect on other cells.

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Natural killer cell?

Involved in the early phase of host defense to pathogen.
Have the capacity to recognize the surface changes that occur on a variety of
tumor and virally infected cells.
Unlike killer T cells, they do not have antigen-specific receptors.
“Killing” method same as that of Killer T cells.
Release granules that kill some virus-infected cells by causing lysis of the
infected cell. Lysis refers to the
disintegration of a cell by disruption of its
plasma membrane.
Secretes cytokines

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Cytokine?

Immunoregulatory proteins important in cell signalling-any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, which are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have
an effect on other cells.

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Immune system organs?

Look at diagram

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Lymphoid tissue

Produce store and process lymphocytes

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Types of lymphoid tissue?

Bone marrow
Lymph nodes, tonsil, adenoids, appendix, GALT
Spleen
Thymus

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Bone marrow

Origin of all blood cells
Site of maturational processing of B lymphocytes

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Lymph nodes, tonsil, adenoids, appendix & GALT

1. Exchange lymphocytes with the lymph(remove, store, produce and add them) 2. Resident lymphocytes produce antibodies and activated cells which are released into the lymph 3. Resident macrophages remove microbes and other particulate debris from the lymph

Spleen

1. Exchanges lymphocytes with the blood(removes, stores, produces and adds them) 2. Resident lymphocytes produce antibodies and activated cells which are released into the blood 3. Resident macrophages remove microbes and other particulate debris, most notably worn-out red blood cells, from the blood.

Thymus

1. Site of maturational processing for T-lymphocytes 2. Secrete the hormone thymosin(stimulates the development of T-cells)

The different pathways of innate immunity and its role in the immune response

1. Monocyte-macrophage pathway 2. The complement system Can co-exist simultaneously

Monocyte-macrophage pathway?

Activated when signal between CD4 and hep, the cells occurs

Cytokines activated macrophages secrete a range of cytokines?

IL-1B IL-6 TNF-alpha CXCL8 IL-12

The three complement system?

1. The classical complement pathway 2. The lectin pathway 3. The alternative complement pathway

Complement pathway?

Understands

Difference between primary and secondary immune response

Refer to table on page 18

Function of lymphocytes of acquired immunity?

Interaction between the innate and acquired immune system

Signal transduction?

The process by which a cell responds to substances outside the cell through signaling molecules found on the surface of and inside the cell.

Major plasma membrane receptors?

Role of receptor activation?

Explain the generation of second messengers?

Difference between protein-based and nucleic acid-based molecular tools/techniques?

Protein is a molecule made up of polypeptides. It is a class of biological molecule consisting of chains of amino acids called polypeptides. Nucleic acid is a class of macromolecules made up of long chain of polynucleotide that includes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA

Serologic tests?

Serologic tests are blood tests that look for antibodies in your blood

Which kind of symptoms are for serologic tests?

For patients who present at their doctor with symptoms suggestive of bacterial, parasitic, and viral diseases

What is the common factor between the laboratory techniques for serological tests?

They can involve a number of laboratory techniques but have one thing in common = focus on proteins made by your immune system.

What is the significance of serologic tests?

*When your doctor tests your blood, they can identify the type of antibodies and antigens that are in your blood sample, and identify the type of infection you have. * Sometimes the body mistakes its own healthy tissue for outside invaders and produces unnecessary antibodies, which is known as an autoimmune disorder. * Serologic testing can detect these antibodies and help your doctor diagnose an autoimmune disorder from a single blood sample = high CRP levels for rheumatoid arthritis

Serological tests diagnostic method?

1. Hemagglutination inhibition test 2. Immunoassays

Hemagglutination inhibition test

1. Basically hemagglutination occurs when there is antibodies/viruses 2. No hemagglutination occurs when there is no virus or it shows exposure and indicates immunity

Serological test: immunoassays?

In immunoassays, antibodies binding to specific immobilized antigens can directly be observed using bound antigens and indicators such as labeled anti-Ig antibodies.

What do immunoassay’s measure?

Different immunoassays are widely used to measure IgM and IgG antibodies

Principles of immunoassay’s?

When are immunoassays called ELISA?

If the label used is an enzyme, the test is called enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the bound antibody is detected by an enzyme-dependent color reaction.

When are immunoassays called IFT?

If a fluorescent label is used, the method is called immunofluorescent test (IFT)

What are enzyme labels called?

The enzyme labels most commonly used are horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP

HRP-ELISA substrate and chromogen?

In HRP-ELISA the color-forming system consists of ortho- phenyldiamine (OPD) as a chromogen and hydrogen peroxidase (H2O2) as a substrate.

Self tolerance?

Proper functioning of the immune system. It is the ability of the immune system to recognize self-produced antigens as non-threats while appropriately mounting a response to foreign substances. Able to differentiate between foreign and self-antigens

Factors in the loss of self-tolerance?

1. Presentation of self-antigens 2. MHC and genetic susceptibility 3. Autoreactive T cells and B cels 4. Presence of costimulatory molecules

Costimulatory molecules

In essence, the co-stimulatory molecules function as "flashing red lights" that interact with the T cell, communicating that the material being presented by the dendritic cell material indicates danger

Mechanisms of the tolerant state?

1. Central tolerance 2. Peripheral tolerance 3. Clonal anergy

Central tolerance?

Elimination of T-cells and B via apoptosis with any reaction with self-antigens

Peripheral tolerance?

Elimination of immature and autoreactive T-cells and B via apoptosis with any reaction with self-antigens

Clonal Anergy?

Activating any immune cells that bypass the clonal deletion

Autoimmunity ?

Loss of self-tolerance as the body's immune system starts to destroy the body

Aetiology of autoimmune disoders?

-Exact aetiology remains unknown -Genetic predisposition -Environmental factors -sex -hormonal

Pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis?

Pathophysiology of SLE?

Systemic consequences of increased circulating inflammatory cytokines in RA and SLE?

HIV?

Pathogenesis of acute HIV infections?

Consequences of HIV infections on the immune system function?

Role of immune system in the development of HIV?

Life cycle of the HIV virus?

Pathogenesis of HAND in HIV?

Pathogenesis of tuberculosis?

Role of the immune system in the formation of granulomas in the lung in tuberculosis ?

Neuroinflammation?

Molecular mechanisms involved in the development of age-related neuroinflammatory disorders?

Neuroinflammatory disorders?

The role of the immune system in the development of major depressive disorder?

Inflammation Flashcards

(77 cards)