NMSK1 - physio 1 > inflammation > Flashcards

inflammation Flashcards

(56 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

what is inflammation?

A

it is the **reaction **of vascularised living tissue to a local injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the suffix associated with inflammation?

A

ITIS
eg appendicitis, bronchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are examples of causes of inflammation?

A
  • infectious agents - eg viruses, bacteria, fungi
  • tissue necrosis
  • foreign bodies
  • immune reactions - hypersensitivity reactions - endogenous (autoimmune) or exogenous agents - eg allergy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are 3 objectives of inflammation?

A
  • **localise and eliminate **the causative agent
  • limit tissue injury
  • begin the **process of repair **
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are 5 classic signs of acute inflammation?

A
  • heat
  • redness
  • swelling
  • pain
  • loss of function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

define** acute vs chronic inflammation**

A
  1. acute - immediate and early response to injury, devekops rapidly and resolves rapidly
  2. **chronic **- longstanding inflammation, primary or following an acute inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is acute inflammation characteristed by?

A
  • accumulation of fluid, protein and acute inflammatory cells at the site of injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the main cells involved in acute inflammation?

A

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the ‘mediators’ of acute inflammation?

A
  • chemical products derived from the plasma or produced by cells
  • they initiate the inflammation process - & cause vasodilation of vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the** vascular events** that take place in acute inflammation?

A
  • vasodilatation of blood vessels - which leads to **increased blood flow and increased hydrostatic pressure** - redness and heat symptoms
  • vessels become more permeable or ‘leaky’ - exudate protein rich fluid - leads to swelling
  • both of the above lead to increased blood viscosity (intrinsic factor of blood)
  • wbc’s accumulate against the inner layer of vessel wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is oedema?

A

excess fluid in the interstitial tissue or body cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is pus?

A

purulent inflammatory exudate rich in neutrophils and cell debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is exudate?

A

fluid that leaks out of blood vessels into nearby tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the **margination, rolling & transmigration ** in the cellular events that occur in acute inflammation

A
  • with** vasodilatation and increased vascular permeability,** fluid & plasma proteins will leak out of the vessel - which will lead to stasis and **wbc’s will accumulate **against the vessel wall
  • wbc’s will then** roll against the vessel wall** and** transmigrate** through the vessel and into the surrounding tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

apart from migration, rolling, transmigration and migration to site of injury, what other cellular events occur in acute inflamation?

A
  • phagocytosis - cells engulf bacteria etc
  • cells release enzymes and other products if necessary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the main cells involved in acute inflammation & what to they do ?

A
  • white blood cells - esp **neutrophils and macrophages **are recruited to site of injury - they recognise pathogens and debris
  • they eliminate them and produce growth factors to allow for repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the** beneficial effects** of inflammation?

A
  • toxins are diluted
  • fibrin is produced - which delays bacterial spread
  • antibodies arrive to site of injury
  • destruction of microbial agent
  • delivery of nutrients and o2 - due to vasodilation
  • removal of tissue debris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the **harmful effects **of inflammation?

A
  • can impair blood flow
  • can cause mechanical effects - eg swelling of epiglottis in throat
  • impaired function
  • can destruct tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the systemic effects of inflammation?

A
  • pyrexia - fever
  • increased tendency to sleep
  • pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what can be seen in the laboratory about the systemic effects of inflammation?

A
  • leucocytosis - increased wbc’s
  • anaemia - if there is blood loss
  • acute reactive proteins - c reactive proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the main outcomes of acute inflammation?

A
  • complete resolution
  • absess formation - rare - occurs if there is not complete removal
  • healing by connective tissue replacement - fibrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is chronic inflammation?

A
  • prolonged inflammation - for weeks or even months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why do people get chronic inflammation?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • persistent or repeated bouts of acute inflammation
  • prolonged normal healing
24
Q

what are some examples of the causes of chronic inflammation?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • persistent infection - eg bacilli bacteria or viruses
  • hypersensitivity - may be autoimmune, or abnormal response to normal host flora
  • exposure to potentially toxic substances - may be exogenous eg silica or endogenous eg lipids
25
what are the main features of chronic inflammation?
* infiltration or presence of inflammatory cells - macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells * tissue destruction - due to persistent injury * repair - attempt at healing by connective tissue replacement
26
what are the **main effector cells** in chronic inflammation?
macrophages
27
what is the **function of macrophages**?
* sense and engulf particles * induce an inflammatory response
28
what important cells do macrophages activate?
lymphocytes
29
what is **granulomatous inflammation**?
*** special type of chronic inflammation** that is characterised by nodular aggregrates of macrophgaes and multinucleated giant cells
30
what are examples of things that may lead to granulomatous inflammation?
* infections - eg tb or fungal infections * foreign body - will trigger ongoing response * tumours
31
define healing
the replacement of destroyed or lost tissue by a viable (usable) tissue
32
what is the initial response of damaged tissue to injury?
acute inflammation
33
what is complete resolution?
regeneration through proliferation of adjacent surving structures and tissue stem cells
34
what is fibrosis ?
* fibro proliterative response * scarring
35
does the healing process usually involve regenration or scarring?
* usually a **combination of both** * does depend on .. ability of body to remove cauative agent, ability to clear the inflammatory debris, ability of cells to regenerate and the degree of architectural damage
36
what are **liable** cells?
* they are continuously dividing cells * examples - epithelial cells such as skin, oral cavity and GIT
37
what process occurs after injury to liable cells?
**regeneration** - if the supporting stroma is intact
38
what are stable cells?
* cells that have a low level of replication * example - liver * they can be stimulated to divide
39
what process occurs after injury to stable cells?
* healing by **regeneration** - if the supporting stroma is intact
40
what are permanent cells?
* non dividing cells * eg neurons and myocardial cells
41
what process occurs after injury to permanent cells?
* NO REGENERATION * replaced by connctive tissue - and healing by fibrosis
42
Describe regeneration
* replacement of lost cells by cells of the same type through cell division * however - the supporting framework must still be intact * tissue is returned to its pre injury state * controlled by stimulatory and inhibitory factors
43
describe **fibrosis **
* **fibroproliferative response** that **patches** rather than restores the tissue * occurs when there is **destruction to both functional cells and stromal cells**, death of permanent cells and long standing inflammation
44
what are the **3 phases of healing**?
* inflammatory phase * proliferative phase * remodelling phase
45
What does the inflammatory phase of healing involve?
* haematoma formation - injury to blood vessel * presence of neutrophils * presence of macrophages * removal of tissue debris
46
what does the proliferative phase of healing involve?
* epithelial cell proliferation - granulation tissue forms * proliferation of fibroblasts and new vessel formation
47
what does the remodelling phase of healing involve?
* replacement of the granulation tissue by a fibrous stroma * degradation of excessive extra cellular matrix by metalloproteinase * increase in the strength of the wound
48
what are the 2 types of wound healing on the skin?
* primary intention * secondary intention
49
describe primary intention
* used in small wounds where the edges are close together * where there is minimal loss of tissue * eg after a surgical incision or clean wound
50
describe secondary intention
* for large gaping wounds * where there is an extensive loss of cells
51
Describe the stages of wound healing by primary intention - day 1-7
* day 1 - wound filled with blood clot and there is acute inflammation in surrounding tissue * day 2 - macrophages come and the epithelial cells start to close the wound by proliferating on the surface * day 3 - granulation tissue formation * day 5 - collagen deposition * day 7- sutures removed
52
how is wound healing by secondary intention different to primary intention?
* process is similar * slower - as there is a much larger wound * more intense inflammatory reaction * more scarring
53
by what process does healing occur in skeletal muscle ?
regeneration
54
what are examples of local factors that influence healing?
* infections * forgein bodies * type of tissue * size and location
55
what are systemic factors that can affect healing?
* age and nutrition * hormones * chemotherapy etc
56
what are the **4 stages of bone healing**?
* haematoma formation * external callus bridges the fracture site outside the bone * internal callus bridges the fracture in medullary cavity * remodelling
NMSK1 - physio 1
flashcards
Decks in class (36)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions