Inflammation

Question 1

what are 7 causes of inflammation?

Answer 1

1. bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa
2. hypersensitivity reactions
3. trauma or chemical injuries
4. excessive heat or cold
5. necrosis can cause inflammation but inflammation can also cause necrosis
6. internal and external toxins
7. immune-mediated

Question 2

give 3 big effects of inflammation

Answer 2

1. high WBC
2. fever
3. inflammatory lesions

Question 3

what are 4 plasma-derived mediators of inflammation?

Answer 3

1. bradykinin (from the kinin cascade, related to the coagulation cascade); causes vasodilation and pain
2. complement
3. coagulation
4. fibrinolysis

Question 4

list and describe 4 cell-derived plasma mediators

Answer 4

1. histamine: produced by mast cells; a primary mediator of inflammation
2. cytokines and chemokines: produced by a bunch of different cells
3. lipid mediators: from cell membranes
4. lysosomal contents: from lysozomes

Question 5

what are the 5 aspects of naming a lesion?

Answer 5

1. how bad is it: mild, moderate, severe
2. how long: peracute, acute, chronic
3. how is the lesion distributed: focal, multifocal, diffuse
4. what kind of exudate: serous, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, hemorrhagic, granulomatous
5. where is the lesion: name of the organ/tissue

Question 6

describe fibrin versus fibrous and how inflammation forms a continuum with healing

Answer 6

fibrin is a sign of acute inflammation; as fibrinogen leaks out onto organs

fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE is associated with scarring! from the body healing from chronic inflammation; is NOT a type of inflammation

Question 7

describe peracute, actue, subacute, and chronic

Answer 7

peracute: minutes or hours
acute: a few hours to a few days
subacute: days to weeks
chronic: weeks to months

Question 8

describe focal, multifocal, locally extensive, and diffuse lesion distribution

Answer 8

focal: just one small part of the organ is affected

multifocal: several small parts affected (can count each lesion)

diffuse: the whole organ is affected

focally/locally extensive: diffuse but in just one part of the organ

Question 9

what are the 2 categories and the 6 types of inflammation?

Answer 9

1. noncellular: serous, catarrhal, fibrinous
2. cellular: purulent, hemorrhagic, granulomatous

Question 10

describe serous exudate (2)

Answer 10

1. the outpouring of a translucent, thin fluid that may accumulate on a mucosal surface that may accumulate of a mucosal surface, skin, or in the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
2. common manifestation of acute inflammatory reactions; usually indicates that an insult is mild

Question 11

describe catarrhal exudate (2)

Answer 11

1. represents mucous production!
2. commonly found in organs where goblet cells are a major part of the epithelium: GI, respiratory tract, reproductive tract, eyes

Question 12

describe fibrinous exudate (2)

Answer 12

1. occurs in more severe conditions that allow the escape of larger fibrinogen molecules from the vascular system and is converted to fibrin when it reaches the tissue
2. commonly occurs on mucosal and serosal membranes such as the entire respiratory tract and GI tract, pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium

Question 13

describe purulent exudate (3)

Answer 13

1. PUS! an accumulation of dead neutrophils
2. almost always due to bacteria
3. if pus surrounded by a fibrous wall or capsule = abscess

Question 14

describe hemorrhagic exudate (2)

Answer 14

1. large numbers of RBCs when holes in vessels are large enough that everything comes out so the exudate looks a lot like blood (mixed with serum, fibrin, and leukocytes = hard to differentiate from simple hemorrhage)
2. usually caused by highly virulent microorganisms, acute poisoning, or anything that causes massive damage to vessel endothelium

Question 15

describe granulomatous exudate (2)

Answer 15

1. majority of cells are macrophages and/or multi-nucleated giant cells
2. don’t ooze like other exudates