Inflammation

Question 1

cell injury definition:

anything that can

1. alter ______________ of the cell
2. cause changes in ____________
3. affect ability of cell to ____________

Answer 1

information content
cell function
maintain homeostasis

Question 2

term for the body’s response to cell injury

Answer 2

inflammation

Question 3

8 mechanisms of cell injury

Answer 3

1. ischemia
2. infectious agents
3. immune rxns
4. genetic factors
5. nutritional factors
6. physical factors
7. chemical factors
8. psychosocial factors

Question 4

hypoxia

Answer 4

partial ischemia

Question 5

anoxia

Answer 5

total ischemia

Question 6

loss of oxygen = decrease in 2 things

Answer 6

waste removal; function

Question 7

2 ways that bacterial infections cause cell injury

Answer 7

1. tissue invasion

2. inflammatory/immunologic reactions induced by bacteria

Question 8

3 examples of outcomes from infectious agents that cause cell injury

Answer 8

1. gangrene
2. tetanus
3. botulism

Question 9

2 ways viruses kill

Answer 9

direct and indirect cytopathic effect

Question 10

virus kill mechanism in which RNA viruses kill from within

Answer 10

direct cytopathic effect

Question 11

virus kill mechanism in which DNA viruses integrate into cellular genome

Answer 11

indirect cytopathic effect

Question 12

term for microorganisms present in blood stream

Answer 12

sepsis

Question 13

3 consequences of sepsis

Answer 13

1. endothelial cell damage
2. dec plasma vol
3. maldistribution of blood flow

Question 14

3 mechanisms of the immune system for cell injury

Answer 14

1. antibody attachment
2. complement activation
3. activation of inflammatory cells

Question 15

3 things caused by immune reactions

Answer 15

1. over-reactions aka anaphylactic shock
2. mild allergies
3. autoimmune disorders (RA, lupus)

Question 16

3 pathways + examples that genetic factors lead to cell injury via

Answer 16

1. alteration (# or structure) - down syndrome
2. single mutation - sickle cell
3. multiple mutation - HTN

Question 17

what happens when there is an iron deficiency?

Answer 17

anemia - hair loss

Question 18

what happens when there is excessive iron in the body?

Answer 18

increases free radical formation

Question 19

connective tissue symptoms are caused by ______ deficiency

Answer 19

vit C

Question 20

2 examples of physical factors leading to cell injury

Answer 20

1. trauma

2. extremes of physical agents

Question 21

2 categories of chemical factor-caused cell injury + example

Answer 21

direct - mercury

require metabolic transformation into the toxic agent - drug overdose

Question 22

free radical formation is an integral part of __________

Answer 22

metabolism

Question 23

oxygen toxicity (oxidative stress) is an example of…

Answer 23

free radical

Question 24

oxygen radicals are _____ to cells

Answer 24

toxic

Question 25

what needs to be present to ward off the harmful effects of oxygen and its derivatives?

Answer 25

antioxidants

Question 26

4 examples of antioxidants

Answer 26

1. vitamin c 2. vit e 3. beta-carotene 4. lycopene

Question 27

antioxidants ________ free radicals and keep them from ____________

Answer 27

neutralize; taking electrons from other molecules

Question 28

a good free radical present in all mammals

Answer 28

Nitric oxide (NO)

Question 29

too much exercise can cause:

Answer 29

DNA damage of leukocytes

Question 30

moderate exercise can cause:

Answer 30

protection against DNA damage

Question 31

regular exercise can cause (3)

Answer 31

increased NO bioavailability, improved repair reponse, up regulation of antioxidants

Question 32

3 factors that can influence thresholds for tissue adaptation and injury

Answer 32

1. fear 2. tension 3. anxiety

Question 33

in reversible cell death, is the nucleus in tact?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

increased level of ____ and ____ lead to swelling

Answer 34

sodium and calcium

Question 35

acute cell damage leads to a decrease in __________ and ___________ leading to further cell damage

Answer 35

energy production and waste removal

Question 36

in chronic cell damage, the cell is unable to __________________

Answer 36

restore normal homeostasis

Question 37

5 common cellular adaptations in chronic cell injury

Answer 37

1. atrophy 2. hypertrophy 3. hyperplasia 4. metaplasia 5. dysplasia

Question 38

term for decrease in cell and organ size

Answer 38

atrophy

Question 39

4 things that cause cell atrophy

Answer 39

1. vascular insufficicency 2. dec hormone levels 3. malnutrition 4. immobilization

Question 40

difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Answer 40

hypertrophy: inc in cell size hyperplasia: inc in number of cells

Question 41

example of hyperplasia

Answer 41

persistent pressure on skin = callus formation

Question 42

term for change in cell morphology (shape and function)

Answer 42

metaplasia

Question 43

term for increase in cell numbers with altered structure and loss of organization

Answer 43

dysplasia

Question 44

when does inflammation begin?

Answer 44

when normal tissue is injured via disease or trauma

Question 45

if there is no inflammation, what is also not present?

Answer 45

healing

Question 46

4 mechanisms of injury causing inflammation

Answer 46

1. microbes 2. traumatic stimulation of mast cells/nerves 3. trauma causing bleeding 4. cell death

Question 47

traumatic stimulation of mast cells/nerves releases _________________

Answer 47

pro-inflammatory mediators

Question 48

trauma causing bleeding triggers...

Answer 48

hemostatic mechanisms

Question 49

microbes stimulate ______________

Answer 49

potent inflammatory cells

Question 50

universal & potent stimulator of sterile inflammation in the absence of a microorganism

Answer 50

cell death

Question 51

8 common causes of inflammation

Answer 51

1. soft tissue trauma 2. fx 3. foreign bodies 4. autoimmune diseases 5. microbial agents 6. chemical agents 7. thermal agents 8. irradiation

Question 52

ultimate goal of inflammation process

Answer 52

to replace injured tissue with healthy tissue, scar or both