Inflammation (week 2)

Question 1

prostacyclin

Answer 1

(from COX pathway)
produced by endothelial cells
anticoagulant

Question 2

thromboxanes

Answer 2

(from COX pathway)
produced by platelets
promote clotting

Question 3

what does aspirin do to prostacyclin and thromboxane?

Answer 3

inhibits production of them; therefore, acts as an anticoagulant

Question 4

leukotrienes produced by

Answer 4

aracadonic acid + 5-lipoxygenase

Question 5

what do leukotrienes do

Answer 5

induce allergic rxn
play role in chemotaxis of WBCs
increase capillary permeability
bronchoconstriction (asthma)

Question 6

what is given to people who are on an aspirin regimen that need emergency surgery?

Answer 6

vitamin K

Question 7

lipoxins produced by

Answer 7

aracadonic acid + 12-lipoxygenase

Question 8

lipoxins do

Answer 8

inhibit inflammatory activity
inhibit chemotaxis of WBCs
may oppose action of leukotrienes

Question 9

platelet activating factor produced by

Answer 9

vesicles in mast cells
WBCs
endothelial cells

Question 10

platelet activating factor causes

Answer 10

platelet aggregation
vasodilation
assists to enhance chemotaxis of WBCs

Question 11

reactive oxygen species

Answer 11

free radicals that cause enhancement of inflammatory activity
can cause damage in healthy tissue
seen in emohesema

Question 12

antioxidants

Answer 12

oppose the action of free radicals

Question 13

examples of antioxidants

Answer 13

Vitamin C, E, B-complex

Question 14

nitric oside released from

Answer 14

endothelial cells

Question 15

nitric oxide causes

Answer 15

inhibition of several features of the inflammatory response
interference with leukotrienes and TNF
destruction of bacteria

Question 16

cytokines produced by

Answer 16

variety of WBCs
connective tissue cells
endothelial cells

Question 17

primary cytokines involved in inflammation

Answer 17

TNF
IL-1
(produced by activated macrophages)

Question 18

what do cytokines stimulate?

Answer 18

WBC adhesion to capillary walls
movement into tissues
activation of WBCs (attack things that do not belong)
proliferation of fibroblasts

Question 19

fibroblasts

Answer 19

form collagen scar tissue

Question 20

what do cytokines play an important role in?

Answer 20

chronic inflammation, especially rheumatoid arthritis

Question 21

chemokines produced by

Answer 21

a variety of cells in tissue

Question 22

chemokines do

Answer 22

act as chemoattractant for WBCs

set up chemotaxis

Question 23

plasma protein-derived mediators

Answer 23

complement system
coagulation cascade
kinin system

Question 24

complement system composed of

Answer 24

antibodies

Question 25

complement system activated by

Answer 25

antibody attachment to antigen (immune complex) microbial surface glycoproteins toxins

Question 26

what does the complement system do?

Answer 26

``` activate in a chain reaction amplifies inflammation stimulating greater release of histamine enhance chemotaxis of WBCs promote phagocytosis ```

Question 27

what will some of the factors that are part of the clotting cascade stimulate?

Answer 27

production of chemokines activity of COX adhesion and movement of WBCs in endothelium of capillaries

Question 28

how is kallikrein produced

Answer 28

some of the clotting cascade factors act upon prekallikrein to form kallikrein

Question 29

what does kallikrein do?

Answer 29

enzyme that produces bradykinin from kininogen

Question 30

what does bradykinin do?

Answer 30

increases vascular permeability stimulate nociceptors (very similar to prostaglandin)

Question 31

what do thrombin and fibrinolysis (byproducts of the clotting cascade) do?

Answer 31

mostly act of mast cells | amplify inflammatory response in tissue

Question 32

resolution

Answer 32

neutralizing and getting rid of injurious stimulusa

Question 33

causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 33

``` persistent infection immune-mediated inflammation prolonged exposure to toxic agents overuse inappropriate stress to connective tissue ```

Question 34

tendinitis

Answer 34

inflammation of the tendon due to microtears from acute overload with a tensile force that is too heavy or too sudden for tissue to bear

Question 35

tendinosis

Answer 35

degeneration of collagen due to chronic overuse tendon does not have time to rest and heal inflammatory cells usually not found in these tendons, therefore, anti-inflammatory meds may not always work