University (First Year) > Info Tech > Flashcards

Info Tech Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

What is data in the context of information systems?

A

Raw facts that describe the characteristics of an event or object.

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2
Q

What is information?

A

Data converted into a meaningful and useful context.

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3
Q

What is business intelligence?

A

Information collected from multiple sources that analyzes patterns and trends for strategic decision making.

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4
Q

What is knowledge (in business)?

A

Skills, experience, and expertise coupled with information and the ability to learn that creates a person’s intellectual resources.

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5
Q

What is systems thinking?

A

A way of monitoring the entire system by viewing multiple inputs being processed into outputs while gathering feedback.

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6
Q

Define Management Information Systems (MIS).

A

A business function, similar to accounting or HR, that moves information about people, products, and processes across the company to facilitate decision-making and problem-solving.

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7
Q

What is a business strategy?

A

A leadership plan that achieves specific goals or objectives.

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8
Q

What is a competitive advantage?

A

A feature or service that customers place a higher value on than similar offerings from competitors.

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9
Q

What is the first-mover advantage?

A

The significant impact on market share gained by being the first to market with a competitive advantage.

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10
Q

What is the Five Forces Model?

A

A model by Michael Porter for analyzing the competitive forces within the environment to assess the potential for profitability.

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11
Q

What are the three generic strategies in Porter’s model?

A

Broad cost leadership, broad differentiation, focused strategy.

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12
Q

What is a SWOT analysis?

A

Analyzing a company’s Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.

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13
Q

What does ‘data democratization’ mean?

A

The ability for data to be collected, analyzed, and accessible to all users.

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14
Q

What are the three primary organization levels for decision-making?

A

Operational, managerial, and strategic.

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15
Q

What are structured decisions?

A

Decisions where established processes offer potential solutions.

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16
Q

What are semi-structured decisions?

A

Decisions with a few established solutions, but not enough for a definite pathway.

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17
Q

What are unstructured decisions?

A

Situations with no procedures or rules to guide decision makers to the right choice.

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18
Q

What is a Critical Success Factor (CSF)?

A

The crucial steps companies must perform to achieve their goals and strategies.

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19
Q

What is a Key Performance Indicator (KPI)?

A

Quantifiable metrics used to evaluate progress toward critical success factors.

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20
Q

Define Benchmarking.

A

A process of measuring system results, comparing those results to optimal performance, and identifying steps for improvement.

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21
Q

Define Transaction Processing System (TPS).

A

A basic business system that serves the operational level and assists in making structured decisions.

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22
Q

Define Online Transaction Processing (OLTP).

A

Capturing transaction and event information using technology to process, store, and update it.

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23
Q

Define Decision Support System (DSS).

A

A system that models information to support managers and professionals during decision-making.

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24
Q

What is Business Process Modeling?

A

The activity of creating a detailed flow chart or process map of a work process.

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25
What is the difference between Customer-Facing and Business-Facing Processes?
Customer-facing processes result in a product/service received by external customers; business-facing are internal and essential for management.
26
Define Automation.
The computerized handling of manual tasks to improve efficiency and reduce costs.
27
Define Streamlining.
Improving business process efficiencies by simplifying or eliminating unnecessary steps.
28
Define Bottleneck (process).
The slowest step in a process, which limits overall system performance — usually the best place to improve first.
29
What is Digital Transformation?
The integration of digital technology into all areas of a business, changing how you operate and deliver value.
30
What is disruptive technology?
A new way of doing things that initially may not meet existing customer needs but eventually disrupts the market.
31
What is sustaining technology?
Tech that produces an improved product customers are eager to buy.
32
Define Ebusiness.
Conducting all aspects of business over the internet, not just buying/selling goods (that would be Ecommerce).
33
What is B2B (Business-to-Business)?
Companies buying from and selling to each other online.
34
What is B2C (Business-to-Consumer)?
Any business that sells products/services to consumers over the Internet.
35
What is C2B (Consumer-to-Business)?
Consumers selling a product/service to a business over the Internet.
36
What is C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer)?
Sites enabling goods/services to be exchanged between consumers.
37
What is disintermediation?
Reducing the number of steps or intermediaries between a manufacturer and the customer.
38
What is reintermediation?
Introducing new types of intermediaries into the value chain (e.g., online platforms like Shopify).
39
What is a Content Management System?
Software for managing creation, storage, editing, and publication of website content.
40
What does 'Showrooming' mean?
Browsing in a store and purchasing the product online for less.
41
What is 'wardrobing'?
Buying an item intending to use it once and return it—a type of fraud.
42
Define organic search traffic.
Website visits coming from unpaid search engine results.
43
Define paid search traffic.
Website visits from search engine ads (ad placements based on payment and quality).
44
What is an open system?
A system based on publicly known standards, allowing third parties to create add-ons or integrations.
45
What is open source?
Software whose source code is freely available for anyone to review, modify or enhance (e.g., Linux).
46
What is explicit vs. tacit knowledge?
Explicit: Can be documented and codified. Tacit: Contained within people’s heads (personal know-how).
47
Define misinformation and disinformation.
Misinformation: False information not intended to deceive. Disinformation: False info intended to deceive or mislead.
48
What is clickbait?
Headlines designed to attract clicks, often misleading.
49
What is the Deep Web?
Parts of the Internet not indexed by standard search engines.
50
What is the Dark Web?
Portion of the Internet intentionally hidden, accessible only with special tools.
51
Define Ethics in IT.
Principles and standards guiding our behavior towards others regarding info use and technology.
52
What is information privacy?
The right to control access to your own personal data and to not be observed without consent.
53
What is confidentiality?
Ensuring information is available only to authorized individuals.
54
What is digital trust?
How much confidence stakeholders have in an organization’s ability to protect and secure data and privacy.
55
List 6 major e-policies organizations should implement.
Ethical Computer Use, Information Privacy, Acceptable Use, Email Privacy, Social Media, Workplace Monitoring policies.
56
What is data scraping?
Extracting large amounts of data from a website and saving it for analysis.
57
What is data harvesting?
Collecting/extracting large data from various sources for analysis, storage, or business use.
58
What is consent (IT policy)?
Giving agreement to abide by defined rules and policies to use a system.
59
What is nonrepudiation?
A contractual stipulation to ensure that participants cannot deny their online actions.
60
Define spyware and clickstream.
Spyware: Software covertly monitoring activities. Clickstream: A detailed log of a user’s path and activities on a website.
61
What is a cyberattack?
A malicious attempt to access or damage a computer system.
62
What is downtime?
A period when a system is unavailable (planned or unplanned).
63
Explain privilege escalation (vertical, horizontal).
Vertical: Getting higher access rights (admin). Horizontal: Assuming another user’s identity with same access rights.
64
What is content filtering?
Using software to block transmission of unauthorized information.
65
What is encryption?
Scrambling information into an alternate form—requires a key/password to decrypt.
66
What is the difference between Firewall and Intrusion Detection Software?
Firewall: Security barrier controlling network traffic. IDS: Monitoring tools that search for patterns (identifying possible intrusions).
67
Define MIS infrastructure.
Plans for how a firm will build, deploy, use, and share its data and technology assets.
68
What is backup and recovery?
Backup: Copying system information. Recovery: Getting a system running after a failure.
69
What is fault tolerance?
System’s ability to continue operating when one or more components fail.
70
Explain disaster recovery cost curve.
Charts the cost to the organization of downtime and of recovery after a disaster.
71
What is a Hot Site? Cold Site? Warm Site?
Hot: Fully equipped facility for immediate business resumption. Cold: No equipment, just a location. Warm: Some equipment, requires more setup.
72
What is business continuity planning?
How an organization will restore critical functions after a disruption.
73
Define accessibility (tech).
The degree to which a system can be accessed and used by people with a wide range of abilities.
74
What is usability?
How effective, efficient, and satisfying a system is for users.
75
List the wireless network types from shortest to longest range.
Personal Area Network (PAN), Wireless LAN (WLAN), Wireless MAN (WMAN), Wireless WAN (WWAN).
76
What is bandwidth?
Maximum transmission capacity of a network.
77
What is latency?
Time from sending information to receiving it.
78
Define e-waste.
Discarded, obsolete, or broken electronic devices.
79
What is a data center?
A facility used to house management info systems and their components.
80
What is capacity planning?
Determining future IT needs to ensure high performance.
81
What is cloud computing?
Delivery of computing services over the Internet—shared resources and economies of scale.
82
What is the difference between grid computing, virtualization, and cloud computing?
Grid: Pooling resources of many computers for a single task. Virtualization: Creating multiple virtual machines on single hardware. Cloud: Delivery of services/resources via the internet.
83
What is sustainable (green) MIS?
Using/managing/disposing of technology in ways that minimize environmental damage.
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