Infomation Processing

Question 1

Define infomation processing

Answer 1

The methods by which data from the environment is collected and utilised

Question 2

What happens in the Input stage?

Answer 2

The performer uses senses to pick up infomation from the environment and display.

Question 3

What are the main senses?

Answer 3

Sight (external)
Auditory (external)
Touch (internal)
Balance (internal)
Kinethesis:
Sensors within muscle receptors relay information about muscle tension and body position
(Internal)

Question 4

What is the second stage of infomation processing?

Answer 4

Decision making. Here selective attention and perception occurs

Question 5

What is selective attention?

Answer 5

Filtering relevant infomation from irrelevant infomation.

Question 6

How can you improve selective attention?

Answer 6

-Experience builds the effectiveness
-Learning to focus on the important information
-Make the stimulus more intense
-Learn to ignore irrelevant information
-Train with distractions
-Improved motivation as this increases alertness
-Mental practice

Question 7

What are the benefits of selective attention?

Answer 7

-Improve reaction time
-Improves chances of making the correct decision
-Ignoring irrelevant info allows performers to focus on fine details
-Faster decision making

Question 8

What is perception and describe the processes

Answer 8

It is the process of coding and interpreting the infomation from the display which has been supplied by the senses. Perception has 3 key elements. Detection, comparison and recognition.
Detection: the performer has picked up relevant infomation using the senses and selective attention
Comparrison: trying to match the info identified to info already in the memory system
Recognition: the performer has used the info from the memory to identify a response. This can then be put into action. However it is still ‘coded’ here

Question 9

Describe what happens in the perceptual mechanisms in whitings infomation processing model

Answer 9

Relevant infomation is detected. It is then compared to previous infomation to see what is important. Selective attention then occurs to filter out the irrelevant infomation. Recognition the occurs such as spotting familiar movement cues.

Question 10

What happens in the translatory mechanisms of whitings infomation processing model?

Answer 10

The infomation from the perceptual mechanism is adapted into an image that can be sent to the memory for comparison. Similar actions which have been stored in the memory can be recognised and then used. It then picks out an appropriate motor programme

Question 11

What is the effector mechanism?

Answer 11

The network of nerves that is responsible for delivering decisions made during the perceptual process to the muscles so those muscles can perform the action.

Question 12

What is the next stage of whiting model of infomation processing after the effector mechanism?

Answer 12

The muscular system. The muscles will receive the infomation in thr form of coded impulses. The muscles will then contract and the response can begin

Question 13

What is the feedback stage of whiting infomation processing model?

Answer 13

The infomation used during or after the response to aid movement correction.

Question 14

State the stages of whiting infomation processing model

Answer 14

Input from display
Receptor systems
Perceptual mechanisms
Translatory mechanisms
Effector mechanisms
Muscular system
Output data
Feedback data

Question 15

What processes occur in the central mechanisms of whiting infomation processing model?

Answer 15

Perceptual mechanisms
Translatroy mechanism
Effector mechanisms

Question 16

What is the working memory?

Answer 16

It consists of a central control centre called the central executive that identifies what infomation should be sent to one of its sub memory systems

Question 17

What are the sub memory systems?

Answer 17

Phonological loop
Visiospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer

Question 18

What is the visiospatial sketchpad?

Answer 18

It concerns visual and spatial infomation. It also helps process info about the feel of a movement. It is divided into two sections:
The visual cache:
Holds info about form and colour
The inner scribe:
Spatial and movement infomation.

Question 19

What is the phonological loop?

Answer 19

Deals with auditory infomation. It has a phonological store and an articulatory system that helps produce a memory trace which is an initial mental idea of a skill where it is then sent to the long term memory where it can trigger a motor programme. This motor programme can then be used to produce movements

Question 20

What is the episodic buffer?

Answer 20

This is responsible for coordinating the work of the phonological loop and visiospatial sketchpad into sequences. It produces integrated sequences of sight, sound and movements which can be sent to the LTM. These sequences produce patterns of skilled actions that are put into order and sent to the LTM. These are the starting point for the initiation of motor programmes which are patterns of a whole skill.

Question 21

What is the central executive?

Answer 21

This has overall control of infomation entering and exiting the working memory. It quickly identifies which info should be sent to one of its sub memory systems

Question 22

Who created the working memory model?

Answer 22

Baddeley and Hitch in 1978

Question 23

What are the 2 components involves in the phonological loop?

Answer 23

-Phonological store:
Processes speech preception and stores spoke words for 1-2 seconds
-Articulatory control process:
Processes speech production and reherses and stores verbal infomation from the phonological store

Question 24

How does the short term memory and long term memory work together?

Answer 24

The working memory picks up infomation. Selective attention then occurs. The STM sends coded infomation for future storage and use. The working memory thenproduces a memory trace and then sends the trace to the LTM so it can be compared to info already contained. The LTM then sends info back to the working memory for use in the current sporting situation

Question 25

What is a memory trace?

Answer 25

A mental snapshot of the skill being used

Question 26

What are the characteristics od the short term memory?

Answer 26

-Info can be stored for several seconds -5-9 capacity -Info compared with past experiences -Possible to learn to store more -Deals with present Info -Around 30 secs

Question 27

What are the characteristics of the long term memory?

Answer 27

-Stores info from past experiences -Well learned info -Unlimited capacity -Long durations -Stores motor programmes

Question 28

How can you improve STM or ensure Info is stored in the LTM?

Answer 28

-Rewards: To help motivate performers to remember the actions -Mental practice: Helps to remember the correct sequence -Chunking: Breaking tasks into more manageable chunks to prevent overload -Rehearsal: Repeating an action to ensure its stored as a motor programme -Chaining: Items are recalled as a sequence so one movement links to the next

Question 29

What does schema theory suggest?

Answer 29

That a motor programme containing general rules can be applied and adapted using some infomation to different environmental or situational contexts with similar requirements

Question 30

What 4 maim processes must take place to ensure schema is effective

Answer 30

Recall schema: Initial conditions Response specifications Recognition schema: Sensory consequences Response outcome

Question 31

What is recall schema?

Answer 31

It initiates movement and comes before the action. Initial conditions: This is infomation from the display that must be recognised before schema is used. E.g what is going on, position on the court, where am I etc Response specification: Infomation from the environment is used to assess the available options to the performer. E.g how far do I need to pass the ball, what type of pass is best, how much do I need to increase my stroke rate etc.

Question 32

Why is it called recall schema?

Answer 32

Because during the first 2 parts of schema, infomation is used from thr motor programme in the memory system

Question 33

What happens once the movement is under way?

Answer 33

Recognition schema

Question 34

What is recognition schema?

Answer 34

This controls the movement and happens during the action. -Sensory consequency: Uses the senses to help guide the movement. E.g grip on a ball or strength of a pass. When a longer pass is needed, the arm action would be stronger and the grip firmer -Response outcome: The schema and motor programme can be updated by getting knowledge of results. Did the pass reach the target, was it successful etc.

Question 35

What is a good way to encourage the use of schema?

Answer 35

Vary practice conditions

Question 36

What should happen while using schema?

Answer 36

-Coach should give frequent feedback -Coach should point out and explain when to use schema -Reinforcement if schema is used correctly

Question 37

What is reaction time?

Answer 37

The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the onset of a response. E.g from hearing the buzzer to pushing against the block

Question 38

What is movement time?

Answer 38

The time it takes to complete the task. E.g from pushing against the block to hitting the water

Question 39

What is response time?

Answer 39

The total time it takes from the onset of the stimulus to the completion of the task Response time = reaction time + movement time

Question 40

What is a simple reaction time?

Answer 40

When there is one specific response to a stimulus. This produces a faster reaction time

Question 41

What is choice reaction time?

Answer 41

When you have to choose from multiple stimuli and there is a much slower response time. You may also have to choose between numerous responses

Question 42

What is Hicks law?

Answer 42

The relationship between the number of choices and the response time. This law states that as the number of choices increases, so does the reaction time. This can be used as an advantage emg in tennis by mixing up serves to hopefully delay opponents actions.

Question 43

Explain the graph of hicks law

Answer 43

Players can become familiar with their environment especially as it gets to the later stages of a game causing their reaction time to become slightly faster. It is not a linear relationship and the reaction time increases less the more choices are added

Question 44

What is the single channel hypothesis?

Answer 44

It states that stimuli can only be processed one at a time. Therefore a second stimulus must wait until the first has been processed. The delay in processing increases response time. How the timing of stimuli affects our reaction is explained by the phycological refractory period

Question 45

What is the phycological refractory period?

Answer 45

The confusion caused by the arrival of the second stimulus before the first one has been processed. The performer might 'freeze' to sort out conflicting infomation. You can use this to your advantage by performing a fake pass first to cause a delay.

Question 46

What is anticipation?

Answer 46

It is when a performer tries to pre judge a stimulus from signals or cues.

Question 47

What are the 2 types of anticipation?

Answer 47

Temporal: Pre judging when a stimulus is going to happen Spatial: Pre judging where and what a stimulus is going to be

Question 49

What does correct anticipation do?

Answer 49

Improve reaction time because the infomation have been processed before they have occurred so responses can happen immediately. However, if it is incorrect it will delay the correct response

Question 50

How can you improve response time?

Answer 50

-Use mental practice so actions can be predicted so decisions made quicker -Train to specific stimuli -Learn to focus during a game so the stimulus is picked up early. This could be helped by making stimuli more pronounced -Improve fitness to reduce response time -Use anticipation (if appropriate)