1
Q
information processing
A
taking account of the sporting environment and then making decisions prior to execution of skill
2
Q
input stage
A
uses senses to pick up information from environment
includes; display, senses
3
Q
display
A
the sporting environment
eg oppositions, court, crowd, ball
4
Q
receptor systems
A
senses that pick up information from the display
5
Q
senses list
A
- sight
- auditory sense
- touch
- balance
- kinesthesis
6
Q
sight
A
flight of the ball
external senses- from environment
7
Q
auditory
A
hear call of teammate
sound of whistle
external senses- from environment
8
Q
touch
A
grip on ball
- internal
9
Q
balance
A
gymnast- floor routine
- internal
10
Q
kinesthesis
A
- inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension
- swimmer- help them being aware of body composition during turn
- internal
11
Q
decision making
A
- performer must make a decision based on the information collected by the senses
- who is free, most likely to get ball, oppositions
- involves selective attention and memory system
12
Q
selective attention
A
- filtering relevant information from irrelevant information
- eg badminton player focuses on the position of the opponent, ignore crowd
13
Q
developing selective attention
A
- top class performer - automatic
- stimulus made more intense - develop concentration
- motivation - rewards - more alert to important information
- mental practice
14
Q
benefits of selective attention
A
- improve reaction time (tennis player picks up flight of ball can begin movements quicker)
- helps decision making - limiting amount of information
- memory
- concentration
15
Q
perception
A
- process of coding and interpreting sensory information
- involves 3 aspects detection, comparison, recognition
16
Q
DCR
A
- detection
- comparison
- recognition
17
Q
detection
A
performer has picked up relevant information and identified that information as important
18
Q
comparison
A
trying to match the information identified as important to information already in the memory of performer
19
Q
recognition
A
used the information from the memory to identify an appropriate response.
response then put into action
20
Q
translatory mechanisms
A
- helps you convert information so that decisions can be made
- uses past experiences so information received can be linked with past experiences and be sent to the memory system
- eg tennis return - info ab the flight of the ball and position of opponent compared to image of backhand
21
Q
output
A
- effector mechanism and the muscular muscular output
- feedback
22
Q
the effector mechanism and the muscular output
A
- the network of nerves that is responsible for delivering decisions made during the perceptual process to the muscles so that muscles can perform the action
- muscles will receive info in form of coded impulses then muscles will contract and response happen
23
Q
feedback
A
- information used during or after the response to aid movement
24
Q
the whiting model
A
- environment = contains the display
- display= all sensory information
- receptor sysems = senses
- perceptual system = filters out irrelevant info, filters in important , selective attention
- translatory mechanisms = decisions
- effector mechanisms = sends code of impulses
- muscles pick up impulse and begin to contract
- feedback available in various forms to the player
25
role the working memory model
- forms integral part of decision making
- contains series of memory stores and methods information is transferred and held in stores
- all information being received by senses is stored in memory
- knowing which muscles to use to perform movement requries the perfomer to draw upon information from last experiences
26
central executive
- control centre
- uses 3 other systems to control information moving in/out
27
phonological loop
- auditory information from senses that produce the memory trace
- initial mental idea of skill which can be sent to LTM where can trigger motor programme
28
visuospatial sketchpad
- temporary store
- visual and spatial information
- helps process information about the feel of movement
- visual cache - form + colour
- inner scribe - spatial information
29
episodic buffer
- coordinates sight, hearing, movement information from working memory into sequences to be sent to LTM time span (30 seconds)
-limited capacity (5-9 items) must be rehearsed
30
working memory
- pick up relevant information from the sporting environment and once this information is received the memory goes to work
- selective attention is used is used to filter out irrelevant information
31
features and functions of memory system
- initiates the action by sending the memory trace
- limited capacity
- only lasts 30 seconds
- important info can be stored in LTM
- LTM has large capacity can store for a lifetime
32
storing information
- rewards - extrinsic and intrinsic
- association of actions - learn with emotions
- mental practice - imagining sub-routine of skill in mind
- chunking - breaking skill down into sub-routines
- focus - selective attention ensure correct info goes into LTM
- repetition - skills coded and stored as motor programmes in LTM until needed
- chaining - linking movements together as a sequence
33
schema theory
- core principles can be taken from an existing motor programme then adapted using info from environment and senses
- stored as LTM
34
parameters of a schema
- initial conditions
- response specification
- sensory consequences
- response outcome
35
initial conditions
- first process
- info from environment
- must be recognised before schema can be used
- where is goal, opposition, team?
36
response specification
- info from environment used to assess the available options open to the perfomrer
- how fast, hard, where
37
sensory consequence
-use of senses to help guide movement
- grip of ball on netball
- internal feedback we recieve as we undertake the movement
38
response outcome
- knowledge of result of action
- updates memory store for future reference
39
response time
- total time taken from onset of a simulus to the completion of a task
= reaction time + movement time
- faster response to info= more time player have to execute their skills
40
reaction time
- time taken from the onsetof the stimulus to the onset of the response
- eg start of race- time taken from hearing gun to pushing off the block
41
movement time
- time taken to complete the task
42
simple reaction time
- one option to stimulus
- athlete at start of race
- produce a fast reaction - only has one thing to think about
43
choice reaction time
- more than one stimulus to choose from and maybe more than one response to make
- hockey player- choices and respond
44
factors that influence response time
- hicks law
- single channel hypothesis
-psychological refractory period
- anticipation
45
hicks law
- reaction time increases as number of choices increase
- eg netball more players running out to receive pass, opponent not sure who its going to
- not always linear relationship
46
single channel hypothesis
- stimuli can only be processes one at a time
- second stimuli must wait until first has be processed
- any following stimuli must also wait
- delay in processing a second stimulus increases response time
- more choices = slower response
47
psychological refractory period
- explains the delay that occurs because you can only process one stimulus at a time
- the confusion caused by the arrival of a 2nd stimulus before we had processed the 1st
- performer may freeze to sort out conflicting info
48
anticipation
- pre judging stimulus
- information from environment, signals from opponent or cues
- 2 aspects must be considered before stimulus can be stimuli can be judged
- temporal anticipation - prejudging when stimulus going to happen
- spatial anticipation- where and what the projected stimuli are going to be
- correct anticipation improves response time
49
improving response time
- metal practice
- train to specific stimuli
- learn to focus and concentrate
- improving fitness
- use of anticipation
50
mental practice
- going over task in mind
- action can be predicted so made quicker
- works best on closed+ serial skill
51
learn to focus and concentrate
- stimulus picked up early
- coach may make stimuli more intense
52
improving fitness
- improves reaction time
- interval training + plyometrics may improve speed and power
53
PE skill acquisition
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