Ctrl-h
delete back one character
Ctrl-w
delete back one word
Ctrl-u
delete back to start of line
Ctrl-[
switch back to normal mode
Ctrl-o
switch to insert normal mode
Ctrl-r{register}
paste text from register, where {register} is the address of the register
Ctrl-r=
evaluate an expression and insert the result
Ctrl-v{123}, Ctrl-vu{1234}
insert by character code (supports Unicode)
Ctrl-v{char}{char}
insert digraph
R, gR
enter replace or virtual replace mode