Instruction

Question 1

What are the 7 instructional approaches discussed in Goodwin 2003

Answer 1

1. remedial therapy
2. developmental approach
3. perceptual approach
4. behavioural approach
5. cognitive approach
6. ecological systems approach
7. strategic approach

Question 2

What does it mean to use a “sensitive blending of approaches” in teaching motor skills to persons with disabilities?

Answer 2

It means combining different teaching methods and adapting instruction based on the learner’s type of disability and stage of skill development.

Question 3

what was remedial therapy influenced by

Answer 3

• early APA history was medically oriented (facilities based era)
• medical model (corrective therapy)

Question 4

what was the purpose of the medical model

Answer 4

purpose was to restore health or treat physical defects

Question 5

remedial therapy today

Answer 5

rehabilitative exercise remains an important component of most APA programs

Question 6

what is the main assumption of remedial therapy today

Answer 6

disability is largely biological in nature which is separate from the person as a social being
-> focus on the injury and not the person

Question 7

developmental approach

Answer 7

instruction based on movement patterns typical of children without a disability
(Additional task analyses were necessary because many tasks were too complex for the student with a disability.)

Question 8

which approach formed the basis of developmental and hierarchical task analysis

Answer 8

developmental approach

Question 9

what are the underlying assumptions of the developmental approach

Answer 9

1. neuromaturational theory
2. “normal” progression theory
3. children with disability can replicate progressions
4. part -> whole skill acquisition theory
5. generalization theory

Question 10

what did Gelinas and Reid demonstrate

Answer 10

sometimes skills emerge in an unconventional pattern
- 80% demonstrated atypical progressions on the front skills and 55% were atypical on the back

Question 11

assumptions of ecological systems approach

Answer 11

1. individual constraints (functional and structural)
2. task constraints
3. environmental constraints

Question 12

perceptual motor approach

Answer 12

• service based era
• aim was to improve fitness, motor and physical development and academic success (later disproved)
• perceptual motor programs developed “motor abilities.”

Question 13

what are the underlying assumptions of the perceptual motor programs

Answer 13

1. hierarchical stages (bottom-up) prerequisites are necessary
2. motor and perceptual training could transfer to enhance cognition
3. skills assessed as “motor abilities”

Question 14

behavioural approach

Answer 14

• human behavior is conditioned by consequences
  ABC (antecedents, behavior, consequences)
• human conditioned to repeat some behaviors over others
• uses task analysis to “shape” desired behaviors
• PREMACK principle (get out of pool, were going to play your fav game in the gym)

Question 15

cognitive approach

Answer 15

• humans conceptualized as information processors

sensory input - perceptual processing - decision making - response preparation /response execution - feedback

Question 16

what does the cognitive approach assume

Answer 16

cognitive processes are in control of action
(it means that thinking and mental processes are in charge of how we move, not just reflexes or physical development.)

Question 17

how can instructors manipulate the amount of information processing required by the learner

Answer 17

1. pace the information given or the activity
2. manipulate the environment to reduce the stimuli
3. provide verbal cues

Question 18

what does information processing task analysis involve

Answer 18

1. environmental/ spacial control (closed vs open skill development)
2. self paced vs externally paced (individual vs group game)
3. state of system prior to movement (objects and person at rest or moving?)

Question 19

strategic approach

Answer 19

• knowledge based approach
• learning how to learn
• metacognition - self awareness
• instruction attemps to assist individuals how to problem solve

Question 20

what are the steps to problem-solve? (Wall and Bouffard)

Answer 20

1. what is the problem
2. how to solve the problem
3. what is the problem
4. current situation compared to the goal
5. construct a plan
6. execute the plan
7. evaluate the plan

Question 21

what are some strategies in the strategic approach to promote active learners

Answer 21

• mental imagery
• self monitoring
• self instruction
• attention focus
• positive self talk
• rehearsal

Question 22

what results in a successful program in APA

Answer 22

sensitive blending of approaches