Integrated control ventilation

Question 1

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 1

Low pH
High PaCO2
Decreased ventilation

Question 2

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 2

High pH
Low PaCO2
Increased ventilation

Question 3

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 3

Low pH
Low HCO3-
Decreased absorption or increased excretion of HCO3-

Question 4

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 4

High pH
High HCO3-
Increased absorption or decreased excretion of HCO3-

Question 5

Mechanisms for acidosis

Answer 5

• Increased [H+] in blood resulting in increased activation of respiratory chemoreceptors and increased respiratory activity
• Resulting in increase in CO2 removal from blood/body increases blood pH until normal levels

Question 6

Mechanisms for alkalosis

Answer 6

• Decreased [H+] within blood. Resulting in decreased activation of respiratory chemoreceptors and decreased respiratory activity.
• Accumulation of CO2 within the blood/body decreases blood pH until normal level

Question 7

Causes of respiratory acidosis

Answer 7

Chronic respiratory failure
Hypoventilation
Accumulation of CO2 - COPD

Question 8

Causes of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 8

Hyperventilation

Excessive removal of CO2

Question 9

Causes of metabolic acidosis

Answer 9

Excessive acid production - sepsis

Excessive excretion of HCO3

Question 10

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 10

Excessive consumption of basic substances
Excessive excretion of acid
Deficient absorption of HCO3 from GI
Excessive reabsorption of HCO3

Question 11

Acidosis induced hyperkalaemia

Answer 11

• Higher conc. of H+ outside so lower H+ conc. gradient.
• So less H+ excretion. Less H+/Na+ exchange
• So less Na+/K+ exchange. So less K+ absorption
  Lead to cardiac arrythmias and muscle weakness

Question 12

Alkalosis induced vasoconstriction

Answer 12

H+ acts as a vasodilator
Less [H+] = vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries = less blood flow
Causing symptoms of headache, light headedness or loss of consciousness