Comparative Anatomy > Integumentary > Flashcards

Integumentary Flashcards

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1
Q

Can you describe fish skin and whats it’s possible functions are?

A
  1. Non-keratinized/mucus covered
  2. Resist bacteria, assist water flow over fish, predator avoidance, toxic chemicals
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2
Q

Describe epidermal cells

A

Vary in different locations but are tightly packed together

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3
Q

What are the unicellular glands in fish?

A

Club cells, granular cell, goblet, and sacciform cell

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4
Q

Club cell?

A
  1. Elongate, binucleate,
    .2 chemicals: fear or alarm
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5
Q

Granular Cell (fish)

A
  1. In lampreys
  2. Contribute mucous cuticle
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6
Q

Goblet cell ( fish)

A
  1. In bony/cartilaginous fish ( not lampreys)
  2. Mucous cuticle
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7
Q

Sacciform cell (fish)

A

Secretory product: repellant/toxin

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8
Q

What describes the integument of the primitive of Ostracoderms and placoderms?

A
  1. Bony dermal plating
    - headshields
    - small dermal scales
  2. Tubercles:
    - on dermal scales
    - enameloid layer over dentin
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9
Q

What distinguishing feature of the class chondricthyes integument?

A
  1. Placoid scales:
    - enamel tip with a pulp cavity
    - reduce drag (riblet formation)
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10
Q

What 3 type of scales/integument are prominent in the bony fish placoderfms and Sarcopterygians?

A
  1. Cosmoid scale
  2. Ganoid scale
    I. Palaeniscoid scale
    Ii. Lepidosteoid
  3. Elasmoid scale
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11
Q

Describe cosmoid scales (placoderms and sarcopterygians)

A
  1. Cosmoid scales:
    Bottom to top
    - lamellar bone
    - vascular bone
    -thick dentine
    -enamel
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12
Q

What is teh description of the Palaeoniscoid ganoid scale?

A
  1. Ganoine enamel, cosmine dentine, vascular and lamellar bone
  2. Primitive:
    - SC: Chondrosteis, order palaeoniscoidei and order polypteries
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13
Q

Can you describe the layout of the Ganoid Lepidosteoid scale?

A
  1. Ganoine, bone base acellular, no cosmine, loss of vascular bone
  2. SC: neopterygii, order Lepisosteiformes (gar)
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14
Q

Describe Elasmoid scales:

A
  1. Ctenoid and cycloid
    - bony scales: spiky in the Ctenoid
  2. Only in Teleosts
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15
Q

What is different about the integument in tetrapods?

A
  1. keratinization of stratum corneum: resists abrasion
  2. multicellular glands: in dermis- thru ducts to the surface
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16
Q

How do amphibians use their integumentary system?

A
  1. Cutaneous Respiration: breathe through their skin
    - capillaries in the lower epidermis and the dermis
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17
Q

What type of scales do order Apoda have?

A

Dermal scales

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18
Q

In aquatic larval salamanders, what type of cell is in the integument? Where and what does it do?

A
  • Leydig cell in the epidermis
  • protest against viruses and bacteria
  • absent in adults
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19
Q

How does the stratum corneum contribute to the frogs attributes?

A
  1. Prevents loss of moisture
  2. Protects from abrasion
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20
Q

How do Nuptial pads help the Amphibians?

A

-Raised calluses of cornified epidermis
- digits of frogs/salamanders
- helps male grasp female during mating

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21
Q

What are the two types of Multicellular glands in amphibians? How do they differ?

A
  1. Mucous gland:
    - cluster of cells release the product into the common duct
    - cutaneous respiration, reproduction, thermoregulation, defense
  2. Poison Gland:
    - larger
    - secretion made and stored in lumen of gland
    - distasteful/toxins
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22
Q

How do you describe the epidermal scales in reptiles?

A
  1. Epidermal Keratin: elaboration of stratum corneum
  2. Hinged: allows for flexibility
  3. Not derived from fish scales
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23
Q

What two things, besides scales, are made form dermis or epidermis in reptiles, mammals, and birds?

A

Claws: keratin/epidermal

Bones: dermal bones
- support ventral body wall
Ex: gastralia in Crocodile

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24
Q

How does shedding work?

A
  1. Basal cells produce epidermal generation
  2. Blood cells in splitting zone cause separation of new and old dermis
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25
How is the turtle shell composed?
1. Ventral plastron 2. Dorsal Carapace - ribs and vertebrae - dermal bone - epidermal scales (outer surface)
26
What integumentary feature did birds inherit from reptiles?
- epidermal scales along feet and legs
27
What layers composes the epidermis of the birds? WHat is important about the dermis?
Deepest to superficial: 1. Stratum basale 2. Stratum intermedium - (transitional layer eq to spinosum and granulosum 3. Stratum corneum Dermis: nerve endings and capillaries
28
What describes the dermis of birds? What is significant feature of it?
1. Highly vascularized and has nerve endings, smooth muscle 2. Breeding season: increased vascularization—> brood patch - keep egg warm
29
What does the Urpygeal gland?
Location: base of tail Function: produces lipid/Protein oils to prevent water logged feathers - uses bill to spread across feathers
30
What does the salt gland do in bird?
Location: in head Function: secretes/releases salt to maintain levels of salt in marine animals
31
What is an overview of bird feathers and where they come from?
1. From reptilian scales 2. Epidermis 3. Replaced by molting 4. Chromatophores in epidermis
32
What is the anatomy of a feather?
1. Vane- space around rachis 2. Rachis- middle stem 3. Calamus: bottom medium shaft Zoomed in: 1. Barbs - barbules with hooklets
33
What is a Flight feather?
Asymmetry of vein around the Rachus - for flight
34
What is a pennaceous (Contour ) feather?
- symmetrical vane about Rachis - aerodynamically shape the bird
35
Describe the Down or Plumulaceous feather?
- lacks distinctive rachis, -insulation
36
What are filoplume feathers often used for?
Specialized for display
37
How are feathers arranged?
1. primary: - towards front - creates forward, thrust movement 2. Secondary: - farther back - creates lift
38
What are the two evolutionary theories for feathers?
1, Insulation 2. Gliding
39
What is the theory behind insulation as a evolutionary route to making feathers?
1.function: hold in/shield from heat 2. Protofeathers: enlarged/shaped for heat exclusion (ecothermic ancestor) 3. Protofeathers to preserve heat (endothermic ancestors)
40
What is the theory behind gliding as an evolutionary to feathers?
1. Aided in gliding - allows airstream over body and limbs
41
What is the theory behind gliding as an evolutionary to feathers?
1. Aided in gliding - allows airstream over body and limbs
42
What are the two aspects that are important to the ability to fly?
1. Airfoil: - object in airstream produces useful rxn 2. Angle of attack: angle allows lift - inc. angle, inc lift
43
What are the the different types of glands in mammals?
1. Sebaceous 2. Sweat: .i apocrine .ii. Eccrine 3. Mammary
44
What does the sebaceous gland do in mammal?
1. Oil gland: - releases into hair - reduces dryness
45
What are the two types of sweat glands and how are they different?
1. Apocrine: - releases into hair - body odor/scent 2. Eccrine: - osmoregulates: releases salt - to skins surface
46
What is the anatomy of mammary gland?
1. Divided into lobules: secretory units connected to special openings 2. Teat and nipple 3. Epidermal origin
47
What is the anatomy of monotreme mammary glands and how do they differ to other groups?
1. Ducts open directly to surface 2. Male and female have glands (females only nurse) 3.
48
How does a teat differ from a nipple?
Teat: lobules —> gland duct —> cistern—> teat Nipple: lobules—> gland duct —> nipple - more direct
49
Where do mammary glands develope and what are the specific regions it can develop?
- milk ridge 1. Pectoral 2. Inguinal 3. Abdominal
50
Where do mammary glands form in those with pectoral milk ridge and what types of animals are these?
1. Pectoral: towards chest/shoulder - primates, elephants, bats, manatees
51
Where do mammary glands form in Inguinal milk ridge and what types of animals have it?
1. Pelvic region 2. Ungulates - artiodactyls and perrisodactyls
52
Where do mammary glands form in those with abdominal milk ridges and what types of animals are they?
1. Between pectoral and Inguinal -numerous nipples: allows for larger litters - pigs, cats, dogs 2. Rodents, carnivores
53
What are the different anatomical parts of mammalian hair?
1. follicle: invagination of epidermis and root into dermis - becomes keratinized 2. Dermal papilla: extends into hair root -supplys circulation
54
What is the evolutionary reason behind hair.
1. Mechanoreception 2. Heat conservation (Not evolved from scales)
55
What are the two layers of hair?
1. Guard hairs- outer layer: mechanoreceptor 2. underfur- inner layer- warmth/protection
56
What are the three layers of the hair shaft?
1. Outmost: cuticle: single layer of cells protection - scales 2. Middle: cortex: strength, moisture, color, texture 3. Innermost: medulla: may be absent -animals identified by cuticle cells
57
What is the arrector pilli muscle?
1. Smooth muscle—hair follicle 2. Temperature controlled: I) cold: contracts/pulls it up - insulates II)hot: relaxes/layers down (insulation) - cooling
58
What is an example of modified hair?
1. quills of African crested porcupine
59
What are examples of mammals with keratinized epidermal scales?
1. Beaver tail 2. Tails of opossums, 3. Rat tails
60
What is the anatomy of a mammalian epidermal scale?
1. Epidermal keratinous plate 2. Underlying bony scutes Ex: Amarillo shell
61
What differentiates pangolin epidermal scales?
Dorsal plate: flat, solid keratinized scales Intermediate: bulk of cells, less flat Ventral plate: few cells thick
62
What is the anatomy of nails?
- compact, cornified epithelial cells - over fingers and toes Unguinis: flat subunguinis: small and connective
63
What is the anatomy of a claw and how do you physically describe it? Any examples?
1. Curved, compressed keratinized on tips of digits Unguinis: curved Subunguinis: Laterally compressed: dogs and cats Dorsoventrally flattened: primates
64
How do you describe the hooves?
- enlarged keratinized plast on tips of digits
65
What is the composition of horns? What separates them from antlers?
1. bony core —> outgrowth of skull 2. keratin sheath (visible horn) -horns retained Except pronghorns shed annually - in both sexes Ex: mountain sheep, pronghorn
66
What is the composition of Antlers? What is different from horns?
1. outgrowth of skull (visible antler) 2. velvet sheath - shed/replaced annually - deer family only - only males except caribou
67
What is the composition of ossicones, do they shed, and which genders have them?
- dermal bone—skin (dermis and epidermis) - no shed - both sexes
68
What composes Rhino horns- are they true horns?
1. Fibrous keratin - no
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